Horse Health and Disease: Lesson 9
Terms
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- What is the dental formula?
- 3/3, 1/1, 3-4/3, 3/3
- What parts of the esophagus are what muscles?
-
-proximal 2/3rds striated muscle
-distal 1/3 smooth muscles - What is choke?
- An esophageal obstruction
- What are some signs of choke (5)?
-
-drooling (nasal and oral)
-not eating
-distressed
-coughing
-wretching - What is the most common treatment for choke?
- -do nothing: put in a calm, quiet area with no food or water for about an hour.
- If doing nothing doesn't work, what is the next step?
-
Call vet again. They will:
-give a tranquilizer
-insert nasogastic tube
-gently push down blockage
+if doesn't work, pump water in tube to enlarge esophagus and make block more maleable. - What are some other less used treatments of choke?
-
-Oxytocin
-Surgery as last option -
How large is the stomach?
What are the two sphincters in the stomach? -
-2-4 gallons (8-15 liters)
-entrance: cardiac sphincter
-exit: pyloric sphincter - What does the cardiac sphincter do?
- -prevents horse from regurgitating (vomiting) or eructate (belch).
- What else contributes to prevention of belching and vomiting in horses (besides cardiac sphincter)?
- sharp angle where esophagus enters stomach
- What are the parts of the small intestine and how long are they?
-
-duodenum: (3-4ft)
-jejunum: (~70ft)
-ileum: (2-3ft) - Where would you listen to the small intestine movements?
- -Upper left quarter of horse.
- Describe the cecum.
-
-blind sac
-2-3 feet long
-holds about 8 gallons of ingesta - What are the two areas that are most prone to obstuctions?
-
1) pelvic flexure
2) transverse colon - What path would a particle of food take?
-
-mouth
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-cecum
-large intestine
-transverse colon
-small colon
-rectum
-anus - What are the parts of the large intestine?
-
-right ventral colon
-left ventral colon
-left dorsal colon
-right dorsal colon - What are the three main causes of weight loss?
-
1) improper diet
2) dental abnormalities
3) parasitism - What are 6 other factors that may cause weight loss?
-
-chronic infection
-liver or kidney disease
-enteropathies
-neoplasia
-metabolic disease
-idiopathic - What are 9 ways to evaluate weight loss?
-
-review diet
-check teeth
-de-worm
-blood work (CBC; chem panel)
-Coggins test
-rectal exam
-abdominocentesis
-ultrasonography
-surgical exploration - What are some causes (5) of diarrhea?
-
-management
-infectious causes
-metabolic causes
-neoplasia
-intoxications - What are some management diarrhea issues?
-
-feed changes
-medications
-parasitism
-stress - What are some infectious diarrhea causes?
-
-bacterial
-viral
-rickettsial (PHF) - What are some metabolic diarrhea causes?
-
-malabsorption
-enteropathies
-enzyme deficiencies - What are some neoplasia diarrhea causes?
-
-lymphorsarcoma
-adenocarcinoma
-squamous cell carcinoma
-melanoma - What are some intoxication diarrhea causes?
-
-organophosphates
+bot de-wormers - What is recommended for diarrhea without any other symptoms?
-
-give bland diet
-give anti-diarrheals
-observation without treatment to see what happens - What should be done if diarrhea is accompanied by other symptoms (5)?
-
-blood work-up
-fecal culture
-rectal exam
-abdominocentesis
-ultrasonography - What is the most common payoff for horse insurance?
- colic
- List 15 signs of colic
-
-anorexia, depression
-restelssness
-lying down repeatedly
-rolling, pawing
-kicking at belly
-looking back at flanks
-yawning, lolling tongue
-sweating, straining, groaning
-curling lip (flehmen)
-grinding teeth - What causes colic?
- Always due to some obstruction (blockage, twisting, etc).
- What are the types of colic obstructions?
-
-mechanical (intra or extraluminal block)
-functional (aberration in normal motility)
-strangulating vs simple obstruction (depends upon involvement of blood supply). - What happens during colic?
-
-blockage prevents peristalsis
-vascular system continues putting fluid into lumen
-lumen absorption reduced preventing vascular system from rehydrating
-Dehydration occurs which leads to shock and death.
-lumen enlarges allowing permeability of bacteria and toxins into blood. - What are the causes of death from colic?
-
-fluid and electrolyte loss in bowel
-blood loss into bowel or peritoneal cavity.
-absorption of toxins - What are three parts of evaluating colic?
-
-signalment
-history
-physical exam - What are the four parts of hydration evaluation
-
-Color and capillary refill
-Skin turgidity
-Pulse rate
-Evaluate gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems - What are 5 other parts of a physical exam besides hydration part of evaluation?
-
-intestinal motility
-nasogastric tube findings
-rectal exam
-abdominocentesis
-response to drug therapy - What are the goals of doing a physical exam?n(4)
-
-anatomically define site of obstruction
-surgical vs. non-surgical
-etiological diagnosis
-treatment plan - What are 4 forms of treating colic not listed on other cards?
-
-nasogastric tube
-analgesics
-fluid therapy
-surgical treatment indications - When should surgery be considered an option?
-
-severe unrelenting pain
-bloody abdominal tap
-worsening cardiovascular status in the face of appropriate treatment
-worsening rectal findings
-chronicity - When should referring a patient be considered?
-
-condition of patient good (cardiovascular and gastointestinal)
-transportation available
-distance of facility
-economics -
Where would you listen for cecum sounds?
Large intestine sounds? -
-upper right flank
-low on either side - What can be administered with a nasogastric tube?
-
-laxative
-water
-antiferment - What is the point of rectal exams?
- Feel impaction or distended intestine.