Horse Health and Disease: Lesson 4
Terms
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- What are three (3) functions of blood?
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1) supply cells
2) remove wastes
3) body defenses - What does blood supply cells with? (5)
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-hormones
-oxygen
-nutrients
-electrolytes
-water - What are red blood cells called?
- erythrocytes or RBC's
- What is Erythropoiesis?
- The process of making more red blood cells.
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Where does erythropoiesis occur in embryo's (4)?
Fetus (1)?
Birth (1)?
Adults (5)? -
Embryos: "blood islands" of yolk sac, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
Fetus: start of bone marrow blood cell formation
Birth: all bones
Adult: sternum, ribs, pelvis, vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones - Where is erythropoietin produced and what does it do?
- The kidney. It stimulates more RBC production to raise oxygen levels again. *Negative feedback loop stops erythropoietin production when oxygen levels increase again.
- What stimulates erythropoietin production?
- hypoxia (low oxygen level)
- What do Red blood cells do?
- Carry oxygen with hemoglobin
- How long do RBC's live for? As they age, what happens? Where are expired red blood cells removed?
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RBC:
-live 140-150 days
-lose elasticity with age
-are removed in liver, spleen, and bone marrow - What are the common names for white blood cells?
- WBC's or leukocytes
- What are three major types of WBC's?
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1) granulocytes
2) monocytes
3) lymphocytes - What are the three subgroups of granulocytes?
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1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils - Where are monocytes produce?
- In the bone marrow.
- How do monocytes fight bacteria?
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-phagocytosis
-chemotaxis (producing antibody to kill invading bacteria) - What is the life span of a monocyte?
- 6 hours
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What destruction do monocytes cause?
*I don't know what this means: it's in the notes though* - random destruction in lungs, gut, and kidney.
- Where are lymphocytes produced?
- In bone marrow and in young animals, the thymus.
- Where are lymphocytes found in the body? (5)
- In lymph nodes, the spleen, intestine, bone marrow, and peripheral bloodstream.
- What is the function of lymphocytes?
- They function in antibody production.
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What does CBC mean?
PCV?
RBC?
WBC?
Hb?
Hct? -
CBC: complete blood count
PCV: Packed cell volume
RBC: red blood cells
WBC: white blodd cells
Hb: hemoglobin
Hct: hemocrit - What are the eleven (11) counts vets look at when evaluating CBC?
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1) RBC 2) Hb
3) Hct 4) plasma protein
5) platelets 6) WBC
7) neutrophils 8)lymphocytes
9) monocytes 10) eosinophils
11) basophils - What are the normal RBC, WBC, and platelet counts in horses?
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RBC: 6.8-12.9 x 10^6 ul
WBC: 5,400-14,000
Platelets: 100-350 x 10^3 ul - What are the normal levels for Plasma protein, Hb, and Hct?
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Plasma protein: 5.8-8.7 gm/dl
Hb: 11-19 gm/dl
Hct: 32%-53% - What are the normal levels for banded neutrophils? Mature neutrophils?
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banded: 0-8%
mature: 22-72% - What are the normal lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil values?
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lymphocyte: 17-68%
monocyte: 0-10%
eosinophils: 0-10%
basophils: 0-4% - What is anemia and what happens to blood values?
- The decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. This results in decreased RBC, PCV, and Hb counts.
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What typically occurs during an infection to blood counts?
-regenerative left shift?
-degenerative left shift?
-chronic infections?
-parasitism, allergy, and autoimmune conditions? -
Both typically increase
-reg: increased neutrophils and bands (of neutrophils)
-deg: decreased neutrophils, increased bands
-chronic: increased monocytes
-parasite: increased eosinophils -
What is the normal pulse rate of a horse?
Respiratory?
Temperature? -
Pulse= 28-40 beats/min
Resp= 12-18 breaths/min
Temp= 99.5-101.3 degrees - What could be some reasons for a unilateral nasal discharge?
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-foreign body
-infected tooth
-neoplasia
-sinusitis - What could be some reasons for bilateral nasal discharge?
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-upper respiratory infection (most common!)
-pneumonia
-pleuritis
-gutteral pouch - What could cause a cough WITH nasal discharge?
- An upper or lower respiratory tract infection.
- What can cause a cough without nasal discharge?
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a) C.O.L.D/C.O.P.D./SAID (heaves)
b) inflammation of larynx and pharynx
c) tumors of larynx and pharynx
d) anatomic abnormalities
e) idiopathic - What are some signs a horse is having occular pain?
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-epiphora (excessive tearing)
-photophobia (light avoidance)
-blepharospasm (squinting)
-miosis (constricted pupil) - What can cause ocular discharge? Which ones are painful?
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-obstruction of nasolacrimal duct (no pain)
-corneal pathology (pain)
-inflammation inside eye (pain)
-conjunctivitis (+/- pain)
-neoplasia (no pain) - What are 5 signs of inflammation?
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1) redness
2) heat
3) pain
4) swelling
5) lack of function - What are 5 types of tumors?
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1) sarcoids
2) melanomas
3) papillomatosis
4) squamous cell carcinoma
5) nodular collagenolytic granuloma - Which horses get sarcoids and where?
- Any horse of any age can get these tumors in any location.
- Which horses get melanomas and where?
- Primarily older grey horses get these tumors around anus, tail, and vulva, though they can occur anywhere.
- Which horses get papillomatosis and where?
- Younger horses (<2) primarily get these tumors on their face and muzzle.
- Which horses get squamous cell carcinomas and where?
- Typically white horses (or non-pigemented areas of colored horses) get these at muco-cutaneous junctions.
- Which horses get nodular collagenolytic granulomas and where?
- Any horse of any age can get these tumors typically on back, neck, and girth of body.
- How do you treat melanomas?
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-neglect
-surgical removal
-drug therapy - How do you treat papillomatosis?
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-neglect
-surgical removal
-self innoculation
-vaccination - How do you treat squamous cell carcinoma?
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-surgical removal
-hyper/hypothermia
-radiation therapy - How do you treat nodular collagenolytic granuloma?
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-neglect
-surgical removal
-steroids - Which tumors may be metastatic (secondary growths from initial one)?
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-squamous cell carcinomas
-melanomas - What causes papillomatosis?
- Virus'
- What are squamous cell carcinomas?
- Generally ulcerating, non-painful, enlarging tumors that differentiate from habronemiasis (roundworms).
- What causes nodular collagenolytic granuloma and what are they?
- -Hypersensitivity reaction to insect bites causes non-painful, small to moderately sized (single or multiple), firm. non-pruritic nodules.
- What are some latin names for nodular collagenolytic granulomas?
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-nodular necrobiosis
-equine eosinophilic granuloma - What about sarcoids only occurs in horses?
- Viral form of sarcoids is only in horses.
- What can sarcoids look like?
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-flat sarcoids
-wart-like
-ulcerating and enlarging (though benign). - How do you treat sarcoids?
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-surgical removal (30-50% recurrence)
-hypo/hyperthermia
-drug therapy (tumor injection)
-topicals