Horse Health and Disease: Lesson 1.
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
-
What was the first ancestor of the common horse, and what does this name mean?
-Where and when were its fossils discovered? -
Eohippus: "dawn horse"
-1834 in England - How long ago was the first ancestor alive? Where did it live? What did it look like (4 features).
-
-60 million years ago
-lived in swamps
-Had soft teeth, stood 1' tall, sheep-like head with jackrabbit-like hind end, and it had 4 toes on forefeet and 3 toes on hind feet. - What is the possible progenitor of ALL hooved animals? When did it live and how many toes?
- "Condylarth" was from 75 million years ago and had 5 toes.
- List the order or horses from first anscestor to modern horse, and what their names mean.
-
1) Eohippus; dawn horse
2) Mesohippus; middle horse
3) Merychippus; ruminant horse
4) Equus caballus; modern horse -
When did Mesohippus live?
Where did it live?
Describe this horse (3 features) -
-30 million years ago
-Lived in swamps
-2' tall with longer legs (more horse-like) and soft teeth. It also had only 3 toes on all feet. -
When did Merychippus live?
Where did it live?
Describe it. -
-10 Million years ago
-Lives more in grasslands than swamps
-3 or 4' tall, hard teeth, and side toes becoming vestigial. - What does the modern horse look like compared to its ancestors?
- It is a true horse with hard teeth and single toes.
- When was there a gap in the fossil records?
- 5 million years ago during the Great ice age
- Where were fossils found that indicate a change 1 million years ago from Merchippus to Equus caballus?
- Eurasia
- Fossils were also found in the Western US showing horses lived here between what years? When did they disappear?
- 600,000-7000 BC. No more horses in North America by 7000 BC.
-
Who re-introduced the horse into the New World? When?
How about the Northern Hemisphere of the New World? - Columbus in 1494, then DeSoto in 1593.
- When were horses most popular? Why and how many where around?
- In 1915, horse used for draft purposes and numbered 21,431,000.
- When were mules most numerous and how many? What made their numbers decline?
- 1925 used about 5,618,000 mules. The Industrial Revolution caused a great decline in their numbers.
- How many horses are in the US today? How about VT?
- 8-10 million! ~35,000 in VT!
-
How many horses are involved in:
Racing?
Showing?
Recreation?
Misc. activities? -
-750,000 racing
-2 mil showing
-3 mil recreation
-1.2 mil other - In Vermont, what is the most popular light horse breed? Draft breed? Pony breed?
-
1) Morgan= light
2) Belgians= draft
3) Haflinger= pony - How much money will be generated through showing of horses?
- ~$350 mil
- What is the number one spectator sport? How much revenue is generated through this?
- Horse racing generates about 1 billion dollars (a year?)!
- How many full-time jobs revolve around horses?
- 1.4 million
- Where did the name "horse" come from? What does it mean?
- The Anglo-Saxon word "hors" means swiftness.
- Describe the characterisics of the light horses.
-
-taller than 14.2 hands
-weigh about 9-14,000 Lbs.
-used primarily for riding, driving, racing, and utility. - Describe the characterisics of the Draft horses.
-
-over 14.2 hands
-weigh about 1400 Lbs
-Used mosly for work and show - Describe the characterisics of the Pony.
-
-less than 14.2 hands
-weigh less than 900 Lbs - What is a hand? What do we measure to find a horses height?
- 1 hand= 4". Measure from the ground to the point of withers.
- How tall are miniature horses? What was the largest horse in hands?
- Less than 8.2 hands. Largest horse was about 21 hands!!
- Define "Breed".
- A group of horses having a common origin and possessing certain well fixed, distinctive uniformly transmitted characteristics that are not common to other horses. ~300 worldwide.
- How are draft breeds named?
- Named after place of origin.
- List 5 draft breeds.
-
1) Percheron
2) Belgian
3) Clydesdale
4) Shire
5) Suffolk (Suffolk-Punch) - List 5 pony breeds.
-
1) Shetland
2) P.O.A. (Pony of the Americas)
3) Welsh
4) Hackney
5) Connemara - List 7 light horse breeds.
-
1) Quarterhorse
2) Appaloosa
3) Thoroughbred
4) Standardbred
5) Arabian
6) American Saddlebred
7) Morgan - Describe the Percheron
-
-once the most popular draft breed
-blacks and greys
-originated in France
-no feathers - What are feathers?
- Hair over the pasterns.
- Describe the Belgian.
-
-most popular draft breed
-brought from Belgium in 1866
-sorrell in color
-no feathers - Describe the Clydesdale.
-
-originated in Scotland
-extensive white leg and face markings
-has feathers
-characteristic gait with extreme flexion of hocks and knees - Describe the Shire.
-
-from England
-largest of draft breeds
-many colors
-has feathers - Describe the Suffolk
-
-From England
-all chestnuts
-no feathers - Describe the Shetland
- From Scotland and less than 10 hands.
- Describe the P.O.A.
- It has appaloosa characteristics because it's a cross between a Shetland pony stallion and and Appaloosa mare.
- Describe the Welsh pony
- Developed in Wales
- Describe the Hackney pony
- Developed in England and shown in harness.
-
Fill in proper terminology. -
Refer to notes for horse-specific locations - Describe the Connemara
- A large pony developed in Ireland and very versatile.
- Describe the Quarterhorse
-
-First breed developed in the US (Virginia/Carolinas
-The most popular breed
-Versatile (race, work, pleasure, show) - Describe the Appaloosa
-
-developed in Asia about 2400 years ago
-white sclera
-specific coat patterns
-striped hooves
-mottled skin around lips, muzzle, genitalia, nostrils and eyes. - How did the Appaloosa come to N.America and develop?
-
-brought to N.America by Spanish invaders of Mexica in 1600's
-by 1700's, the horses had migrated to Idaho/Oregon where the Nez Perce and Palouse Indians practived selective breeding. - Describe the Thoroughbred
-
-originated in England
-brought to US in 1730
-foundation stock for many U.S. breeds such as the Standardbred, Morgan, Q.H., and Saddlebred. - Describe the Standardbred
-
-originally called American Trotting Horse
-Known for trot vs pace
-In order to be registered, it had to pace or trot a mile in "standard" time. - Describe the Arabian
-
-Bred 2,000 years ago
-brought to US during Revolutionary war
-known for versatility and endurance - Describe the American Saddlebred
-
-mixture of T.B., Canadian paver, American trotter, Morgan, and Arabian
-3 vs 5 gaited (walk, trot, canter, rack slow gait) - Describe the Morgan
-
-A Thoroughbred stallion and Arabian more mix
-known for versatility - What is the difference between roan and grey horses?
- -Roan horses have a mixture of white and colored hairs. Grey horses start as a solid color and lighten with age.
- What are 3 roan colors and the hair that makes it?
-
1) red roan: bay
2) blue roan: dark brown, black
3) strawberry roan: chestnut - What is the scientific name for an ass?
- Equus assinus
- What is a male ass called? Female ass?
-
-Jack
-Jennet - What is a jack/mare called?
- mule
- What is a stallion/jennet called?
- Hinny
- Which animals or combinations are sterile?
- Mules and hinny's.
- What are the small asses?
- Donkey's and burro's.
- What is different about an ass compared to a horse?
-
-longer ears
-sparser mane and tail
-more brush-like tail
-smaller hooves
-lighter muzzle and belly
-characteristic bray
-langer gestation period (30 days more) - dorsal
- Towards the back (head, neck, trunk, tail, legs)
- ventral
- Opposite of dorsal, towards belly. NOT used on limbs (head, neck, trunk, tail)
- anterior vs posterior
- towards the front vs towards the back
- cranial vs?
- caudal
-
proximal vs distal
(nerves and vessels?) -
closer to trunk vs away from trunk.
nerves= CNS, blood vessels= heart. - palmar
- opposite of dorsal in forelegs
- plantar
- opposite of dorsal in hindlegs
- median plane
- divides head, body or limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves
- medial
- toward or relatively near the median plane
- lateral
- away from or relatively further from median plane
- What is the correct term for what humans call the horses knee?
- The carpus. Actually analogous to the human wrists.
- What is the correct term for what humans call the horses ankle?
- The fetlock. Analogous to the human knuckle.
- What is the body part that is analogous to the human knee?
- The stifle.
- What is the tibial joint in horses?
- The fermoro.
- What is the patellar joint in horses?
- The femoro.
- What body part is analogous to the human ankle? What it is composed of?
- The hock. Composed of 4 joints.
-
Fill in proper terms -
Horse Anatomy