Geog Test 3 - Lecture 5 & 6
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- food processing industries located?
- near input b/c it's very expensive to transport perishable goods
- water pump - canal systems
- needed to transport goods & move boats
- cotton cultiva'n
- took off after industrial revolution
- europe's dev't delayed
- fr & br fight in Napoleonic wars. eur. held back b/c don't have resources. Am started in 1800s & eur. in 1750s, but Am. leapfrogs ahead
- commercial agric. in LDCs
- coffee in africa: company leases land there, $ goes to the company, plantation economy produces export and brings in cash
- steel produc'n: ram materials...
- dictate location.
- alfred weber
- transportation geographer, predicts best place for economic activities to take place
- least cost theory - labor costs
- distorts transportation issue, spatially variable. cheap in Haiti vs. expensive in Connecticut. if you do it overseas, it may be worth the transportation costs
- clustering around raw materials..
- coalfields & iron ore mining areas b/c products are big & heavy and don't want to move them to manufacturing site (near resource, not market)
- agglomeration effects
- if you put similar industries together - all of the processes for one thing (includes training facilities, transportation (RR's)
- cost of land from low to high
- rural -> suburban -> urban (land is less available. has amenities like hospitals)
- industry clusters...
- where important energy source is
- mid 1800s
- earliest plants. pittsburgh: iron ore & coal mined nearby, delivered there by rail [steelers]
- colonial powers grow cotton
- britain grows it in SE Asia & India - later than 1700s, export cotton to Britain and process it there. make $ in higher level industry (make & sell cloth that brings Britain $)
- england's resources
- coal & iron
- railroads - pros
- more raw materials, fast and reliable, low pollution.
- iron & steel - textile industry
- steam engines run machinery: big looms, so standard fabric size increases. chemical advancements in dying.
- highway carrier - cons
- cons: pollu'n, congestion, inefficient for bulky stuff
- bulk-gaining industries located?
- final product more expensive to ship than raw materials, so raw materials are located near products. ex// anything you add water to (don't want to transport softdrinks), finished automobiles)
- how far ahead are we?
- surpass them by late 19th century, very ahead by early 20th century. WWI decimates Europe
- late 1900s
- shift to N. Indiana, dispersed mills. steel has become market oriented good (no longer based on raw materials). you can take scrap iron in any urban center, shift toward urban sites. ultimately - input changes.
- 3rd Agric Rev - dependence on machinery & technology
- genetically modified plants, chemical inputs, improved efficiency of transportation
- employers' goal in choosing labor
- right #s of people, right skills & then cheapest you can find
- inland waterway - cons
- con: at mearcy of weather, ice, drought, flood
- british innovations: steam engine
- 1769, developed by James Watt. powerful, reliable, drives machinery, now less human labor needed, needed for advancements
- least cost theory (3 parts)
- 1) transportation costs 2) labor costs 3) agglomeration effects
- terminal costs
- loading & unloading costs. fixed, not a function of how far you are going but a function of what type of transporation you are using (ex// ship/truck). use of containers reduces these costs
- agglomeration effects - pros
- -cheaper b/c you only need one of them (one RR) if steps of manufacturing & raw materials & markets are clustered
- airways
- cost of aircraft shouldn't exceed cost of product. can get something somewhere FAST
- transfer points
- break up the bulk
- land reform & redistribution in Latin America
- take land away from ppl who had it during colonial era, give it equally so peasants can make food
- most -> least expensive
- airplanes, ships, railroad, truck
- Losch's model for profit maximization
- draw a predictive model of what will happen when you set up the factory in a few years. line: spatial margin of profitability - on one side of the line - make $, on the other side - lose it.
- bulk-reducing industries located?
- raw materials are bigger than final product. manufacturing will go closer to the source (ex// coal - located near mines)
- enclosure movement in Britain - date & descr
- late 1700s, shared lands are needed for larger scale agriculture, put under the ownership of the elite. families who have used this land for a long time get it taken away & are forced to move to cities
- iron and steel production methods...
- improve so we can produce better machinery
- site characteristics
- 1) climate 2) labor 3) capital availability 4) land costs/ availability
- pipelines - cons
- inflexible routes & what kind of cargo, need to do maintenance, not let gas escape into atmosphere
- industrial revolution in br.
- 1700s, accelerated industrial activity, mechanization, different uses of labor, originates in England & Scotland , 2ndary & tertiary economic activities
- least cost theory - transportation costs
- move raw material, move finished products. distance & weight - directly proportional, as they incr, cost more.
- industry in LDC
- stabilty controls where industry develops in LDC's
- which activities employ most people in Am?
- tertiary (service, retail, banking, population clusters are urban) : more than 1st degree & 2nd degree together.
- externality
- ????
- agglomeration effects - cons
- internal competition - compete for labor
- footloose industries
- can choose where they set up, place doesn't matter. transport & costs negligible (ex// authors, online industries)
- railroads - cons
- con: don't go everywhere & creation of infrastructure is expensive
- driving factor of our Industrial revolution in early 1900s
- coal production peaks. we have : coal,, iron, animals/land for cotton
- iron & steel - food processing
- canning, need high reliable temperatures to steralize.
- situation industrial factors
- where you are relative to transporation, raw material, markets
- agglomeration important for industries like pharmaceiutical comapnies
- need to educate, manufacture near universities
- line-haul cost
- how many dollars/mile
- pipelines - pros
- run on natural gas, low cost over long distances
- highway carrier - pros
- tractor-trailor trucks. local movement, flexible - goes on all roads.
- late 1800s
- N. Ohio - on lake Eerie, demand for steel increases. get iron ore from Minnesota (comes on ships through the great lakes) & coal from Appallachia (by train)
- british innovations: steam-driven water pump
- for mining, dig a coal mine, it fills w/ water. coal - uses wood to burn. pump water out of the mine so you can get more coal from the ground
- Losch thinks...(he is an economist - decides where industry should be located)
- estimates Weber's cost factors, lots of potential for error
- film industry
- varies site characteristics. hollywood - climate is important, early movies are filmed outdoors.
- inland waterway - pros
- haul bulk, high energy efficiency, cheap once you have stuff on boat, can go long distances.
- 3rd Agric Rev - what happened? 4 + agric stuff on previous index card.
- farm domination, dependence on machinery & technology, sell crops to food processors/not consumer, close ties to business
- with these improvements comes a...
- rural -> urban migration. not as much labor needed, so ppl migrate to cities, which increase in size
- steam engines - railroads & steam ships
- ships don't have to rely on wind
- site industrial factors
- type of labor, topography, resources available
- capital availability
- manufacturers must borrow $ for startup, then pay it back
- 3rd Agric Rev - close ties to business
- businesses sell feed, ppl must buy pesticides & fertilizers & genetically modified seed & have contract w/ company, sell harvesting equiptment
- indust rev shift
- shift from small scale (spinning & weaving in home) to factories
- colonialization in Latin America, 20th century
- imperial powers took away land, natives left with little land to produce food = unrest
- India - exports
- plantations around coastal areas. make tea in Sri Lanka, export it.
- longer the distance...
- cheaper it is per mile
- early 1900s
- change in steel making process: need less coal 9sent from greater distance) and more iron ore (shift closer to those production sites). Chicago & Indiana - cheaper to get iron ore from Minnesota (down tip of lake michigan) b/c distance is shorter. coal fields in Illinois.
- Losch's positive side of the line
- good location, want to find the peak.
- 3rd Agric Rev - farm domination
- world becomes dominated by large farms. 1950 - 5.6 mil farms, size varies depending on what you're farming. most farms still family owned.
- mid 1900s
- baltimore & Philadelphia & W. Coast (LA). import iron ore, coastal ports become very impt. coal imported from Apallachia. iron ore comes from overseas by ship.
- cluster around markets...
- places like london, paris, milan - where peopl ehave $
- 2nd Agricultural Revolution - commercial
- agricultre provides food for the people working in inudstries, ppl can do 2ndary & tertiary activities
- steel production is a...
- bulk reducing industry.
- LDC's can't develop more because..
- making products like rubber for Britain & export it to America, don't make food for themselves like they need to.
- 3rd Agric Rev - almost always selling crop to...
- food processors, not consumer.