BugsFromAllList
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- (T/F) The outer membrane for G+ and the cell membrane for G- act as major surface antigens.
- FALSE: they DO act a major surface antigens BUT the outer mb for G- and the cell membrane for G+
- Are endotoxins heat stable?
- yes, stable at 100C for 1 hr.
- Are endotoxins secreted from cells?
- NO
- Are endotoxins used as antigens in vaccines?
- no, they don\\'t produce protective immune response
- Are exotoxins heat stable?
- no, destroyed rapidly at 60C (exception: Staphylococcal enterotoxin)
- Are exotoxins secreted from cells?
- YES
- Are exotoxins used as antigens in vaccines?
- Yes, TOXOIDS are used as vaccines
- Describe the chemical composition of peptidoglycan.
- Sugar backbone with cross-linked peptide side chains.
- Describe the major components of a G- cell wall.
- inner and outer lipid bilayer membranes - thin layer of peptidoglycan - periplasmic space - contains lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein and phospholipid
- Describe the major components of a G+ cell wall.
- one lipid bilayer membrane - thick layer of peptidoglycan - contains teichoic acid
- Describe the process of conjugation.
- DNA transfer from one bacterium to another.
- Describe the process of transduction.
- DNA transfer by a virus from one cell to another
- Describe the process of transformation.
- purified DNA is taken up by a cell
- Does endotoxin induce and antigenic response?
- no, not well
- Does exotoxin induce and antigenic response?
- Yes, induces high-titer antibodies called antitoxins
- Give two general functions of peptidoglycan
- Gives rigid support - protects against osmotic pressure
- How are Group A and Group B Strep primarily differentiated?
- Group A are Bacitracin sensitive - Group B are Bacitracin resistant
- How are the pathogenic Neisseria species differentiated?
- on the basis of sugar fermentation
- How are the species of Streptococcus primarily differentiated?
- on the basis of their HEMOLYTIC capabilities
- List the four phases of the bacterial growth curve.
- Lag phase - log (exponential) phase - stationary phase - death phase
- Name 2 G- rods that are considered slow lactose fermenters.
- Citrobacter and Serratia
- Name 3 G- rods that are considered fast lactose fermenters.
- 1) Klebsiella 2) E. coli 3) Enterobacter
- Name 3 G- rods which are lactose nonfermenters and Oxidase(-)?
- Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus
- Name 4 bacteria that use IgA protease to colonize mucosal surfaces.
- 1) Strep. pneumoniae 2) Neisseria meningitidis 3) Neisseria gonorrhea 4) H. flu
- Name 4 genus of bacteria that are G- \\'coccoid\\' rods.
- 1) H. flu 2) Pasteruella 3) Brucella 4) Bordetella pertussis
- Name 6 bacteria that don\\'t Gram\\'s stain well?
- Treponema - Rickettsia - Mycobacteria - Mycoplasma - Legionella pneumophila - Chlamydia
- Name four genus of bacteria that are G+ rods.
- 1) Clostridium (an anaerobe) 2) Coynebacterium 3) Listeria 4) Bacillus
- Name seven G+ bacteria species that make exotoxins.
- 1) Corynebacterium diphtheriae 2) Clostridium tetani 3) Clostridium botulinum 4) Clostridium perfringens 5) Bacillus anthracis 6) Staph. aureus 7) Strep. pyogenes
- Name three diseases caused by exotoxins.
- Tetanus - botulism - diptheria
- Name three G- bacteria species that make exotoxins.
- 1) E. coli 2) Vibrio cholerae 3) Bordetella pertussis
- Name three Lactose-fermenting enterics.
- Eschericia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
- Name two diseases caused by endotoxins.
- Meningococcemia - sepsis by G(-) rods
- Name two type of Strep that exhibit alpha hemolysis?
- S. pneumoniae - Viridans strep. (e.g. S. mutans)
- Name two types of Strep. that are non-hemolytic (gamma hemolysis).
- Enterococcus (E. faecalis) and Peptostreptococcus (anaerobe)
- Name two types of Strep. that exhibit beta hemolysis.
- Group A Strep. (GAS) and Group B Strep. (GBS)
- Teichoic acid induces what two cytokines?
- TNF and IL-1
- What are the effects of erythrogenic toxin?
- it is a superantigen - it causes rash of Scarlet fever
- What are the effects of streptolysin O?
- it is a hemolysin - it is the antigen for ASO-antibody found in rheumatic fever
- What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Bacillus anthracis? (1)
- one toxin in the toxin complex is an adenylate cyclase
- What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Bordetella pertussis? (3)
- Stimulates adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation - causes whooping cough - inhibits chemokine receptor, causing lymphocytosis
- What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Clostridium botulinum?
- blocks release of acetylcholine: causes anticholenergic symptoms, CNS paralysis; can cause \\'floppy baby\\'
- What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Clostridium perfringens?
- alpha toxin is a lecithinase - causes gas gangrene - get a double zone of hemolysis on blood agar
- What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Clostridium tetani?
- blocks release of the inhibitory NT glycine; causes \\'lockjaw\\'
- What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheria? (3)
- 1) inactivates EF-2 by ADP ribosylation 2) pharyngitis 3) \\'pseudomembrane\\' in throat
- What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by E. coli? (2)
- this heat labile toxin stimulates adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation of G protein - causes watery diarrhea
- What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Staph. aureus?
- superantigen; induces IL-1 and IL-2 synthesis in Toxic Shock Syndrome; also causes food poisoning
- What are the effects of the exotoxin secreted by Vibro cholerae? (3)
- Stimulates adenylate cyclase by ADP ribosylation of G protein - increases pumping of Cl- and H2O into gut - causes voluminous rice-water diarrhea
- What are the general clinical effects of endotoxin?(2)
- fever, shock
- What are three primary/general effects of endotoxin (especially lipid A)?
- 1) Acivates macrophages 2) Activates completment (alt. pathway) 3) Activates Hageman factor
- What are two exotoxins secreted by Strep. pyogenes?
- Erythrogenic toxin and streptolysin O
- What are two functions of the pilus/fimbrae?
- Mediate adherence of bacteria to the cell surface - sex pilus forms attachment b/t 2 bacteria during conjugation
- What are two species of Gram (-) cocci and how are they differentiated?
- 1) Neisseria memingitidis: maltose fermenter 2) Neisseria gonorrhoeae: maltose NONfementer
- What bacteria produces a blue-green pigment?
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- What bacteria produces a red pigment?
- Serratia marcescens (\\'maraschino cherries are red\\')
- What bacteria produces a yellow pigment?
- Staph. aureus (Aureus-> gold in Latin)
- What culture requirements do Fungi have?
- Sabouraud\\'s agar
- What culture requirements do Lactose-fermenting enterics have?
- MacConkey\\'s agar (make pink colonies)
- What culture requirements does B. pertussis have?
- Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
- What culture requirements does C. diphtheriae have?
- Tellurite agar
- What culture requirements does H. flu have?
- chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin)
- What culture requirements does Legionella pneumophia have?
- Charcol yeast extract agar buffered with increased iron and cysteine
- What culture requirements does N. gonorrhea have?
- Thayer-Martin (VCN) media
- What G- rod is a lactose nonfermenter and is Oxidase+ ?
- Pseudomonas
- What is a function of the plasma membrane in bacterial cells.
- site of oxidative and transport enzymes
- What is a toxoid?
- exotoxin treated with formaldehyde (or acid or heat); retains antigeniciy but looses toxicity
- What is an acronym for remembering 6 bacteria that don\\'t Gram\\'s stain well?
- TRMMLC: These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color
- What is meant by alpha, beta, and gamma hemolysis?
- On a Blood agar plate: alpha-> complete; clear - beta-> partial; green - gamma-> no hemolysis; red
- What is the chemical composition of a glycocalix?
- polysaccharide
- What is the chemical composition of bacterial ribosomes?
- RNA and protein in 30S and 50S subunits
- What is the chemical composition of endotoxin?
- Lipopolysaccharide
- What is the chemical composition of exotoxin?
- polypeptide
- What is the chemical composition of spores?
- keratin-like coat - dipicolinic acid
- What is the funciton and chemical composition of the flagellum?
- for motility - made of protein
- What is the function of a glycocalix?
- mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (i.e. catheters)
- What is the function of spores?
- provides resistance to dehydration, heat, and chemicals
- What is the major chemical composition of the capsule?
- Polysaccharide (*except Bacillus anthracis, which contains D-Glutamate)
- What is the major function of the capsule?
- antiphagocytic
- What is the mode of action of endotoxin?
- includes TNF and IL-1
- What is the nature of the DNA transferred in conjugation?
- Chromosomal or plasmid
- What is the nature of the DNA transferred in transduction?
- Any gene in generalized transduction; only certain genes in specialized transduction
- What is the nature of the DNA transferred in transformation?
- Any DNA
- What is the periplasm? Where is it found?
- the space between the inner and outer cell membranes found in G(-) bacteria.
- What is the primary test to subcatergorize G- rods?
- are they Lactose Fermenters?
- What is the source of endotoxins?
- cell wall of most G- bacteria (think N-dotoxin-> gram Negative)
- What is the source of exotoxins?
- certain species of some G+ and G- bacteria
- What is the unique chemical component of Gram (-) cell membranes?
- Lipopolysaccharide
- What is the unique chemical component of Gram + cell membranes?
- Teichoic acid
- What is used to stain Legionella?
- Use silver stain.
- What species is Group A Strep?
- S. pyogenes
- What species is Group B Strep?
- S. agalactiae
- What stain is amyloid and gives an apple-green birefringence in polarized light?
- Congo red
- What stain is used for acid fast bacteria?
- Ziehl-Neelsen
- What stain is used for Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, and Chlamydia?
- Giemsa\\'s
- What stain is used for Cryptococcus neoformans?
- India ink
- What stains gylcogen, mucopolysaccharides and is used to diagnose Whipple\\'s disease?
- PAS (periodic acid Schiff)
- What test distinguishes Staph. and Strep?
- Staph. are Catalase (+) and are in clusters - Strep. are Catalase (-) and are in chains
- What test distinguishes Staph. aureus from Staph. epidermidis and Staph. saprophyticus?
- S. aureus is Coagulase (+) - S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus are Coagulase (-)
- What two things distinguish S. pneumoniae from Viridans Strep.?
- S. pneumoniae: have Capsule; Optochin Sensitive - Viridans strep: No capsule; Optochin Resistant
- What type of enzymes allows certain bacteria to colonize mucosal surfaces?
- IgA proteases
- When endotoxin activates complement, what are the secondary effects?
- C3a: hypotension, edema - C5a: neutrophil chemotaxis
- When endotoxin activates Hageman, what are the secondary effects?
- coagulation cascade: DIC
- When endotoxin activates macrophages, what 3 cytokines are released and what are the secondary effects?
- IL-1--fever - TNF--fever, hemmoragic tissue necrosis - Nitic oxide--hypotension, shock
- Where are the genes for endotoxin located?
- on the bacterial chromosome
- Where are the genes for exotoxin located?
- on a plasmid or in a bacteriophage
- Where are the spores of Clostridium botulinum found?
- canned food - honey
- Where is LPS found?
- in the outer membrane of G (-) cell walls
- Which has a higher toxicity: exotoxin or endotoxin?
- EXOTOXIN: fatal dose is ~1ug! (for endotoxin, fatal dose is hundreds of micrograms)
- Which type of Neisseria ferment Glucose only?
- Gonococci (Glucose-> Gonococci)
- Which type of Neisseria ferment maltose and glucose?
- Meningococci (MaltoseGlucose-> MeninGococci)
- Which types of transfer can eukaryotic cells do?
- only transformation
- Which types of transfer can prokaryotic cells do?
- all 3: conjugation, transduction, and transformation
- Why don\\'t Mycobacteria Gram\\'s stain well?
- high lipid content cell wall requires acid-fast stain
- Why don\\'t Mycoplasma Gram\\'s stain well?
- no cell wall
- Why don\\'t Rickettsia, Chlamydia, and Legionella Gram\\'s stain well?
- they are intracellular (Legionella is Mainly intracellular)
- Why don\\'t Treponema Gram\\'s stain well?
- too thin to be visualized (use darkfield microscopy and antibody staining)
- Name 5 species of bacteria that are transmitted to humans from animals.(Acronym: BBugs From Your Pet.)
- Borrelia burgdorferi - Brucella spp. - Francisella tularensis - Yersinia pestis - Pasteurella multocida
- All Rickettsiae (except one genus) are transmitted by what type of vector?
- arthropod (Coxiella is atypical: transmitted by aeresol)
- Are G(-) bugs resistant to Pen G? to ampicillin? to vancomycin?
- G- bugs are resistant to PenG but may be susceptible to pen. derivative like ampicillin. The G- outer mb inhibits entry of PenG and vancomycin.
- Are Strep. pneumoniae sensitve to optochin? Are Viridans strep.?
- Strep. pneumoniae is optochin-Sensitive - Viridans streptococci is optochin-Resistant
- Are Strep. pyogenes Bacitracin-sensitive?
- YES.
- Are Viridans strep. alpha, beta, or non-hemolytic?
- alpha
- Because of drug resistance, what in an alternate treatment combination for leprosy?
- rifampin with dapsone and clofazimine
- Besides the rash, what other body systems are affected by Lyme disease? (3)
- joints -CNS -heart
- Describe lab-findings for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- Aerobic, G(-) rod. - Non-lactose fermenting - Oxidase positive - Produces pyocyanin (blue-green pigment)
- Describe the disease associated with M. avium-intracellulare.
- often resistant to multiple drugs; causes disseminated disease in AIDS.
- Describe the H. flu vaccine. When is it given?
- contains type b capsulare polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid or other protein. -Given b/t 2m and 18m.
- Describe the typical findings with diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli. (3)
- 1) Ferments lactose 2) watery diarrhea 3) no fever/leukocytosis
- Describe the typical findings with Vibro cholerae. (3)
- 1) Comma-shaped organisms 2) rice-water stools 3) no fever/leukocytosis
- Do Streptococcus pneumonia have catalase? Do Viridans Strep. have catalase?
- NO. both are catalase -
- Enterococci are hardier than nonenterococcal group D bacteria. What lab conditions can they grow in?
- 6.5% NaCl (used as lab test)
- Following primary infection with TB, if preallergic lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination occurs, what follows?
- =-dormant tubercle bacilli form in several organs - REACTIVATION can occur in adult life
- Following primary infection with TB, if severe bacteremia occurs, what follows?
- Miliary tuberculosis and possibly death
- Following primary infection with TB, if the lesion heals by fibrosis, what is the result?
- Immunity and hypersensitivity---> tuberculin positive
- Following primary infection with TB, under what conditions would the lesion likely progress to lung disease?
- HIV, malnutrition. This progressive lung disease can rarely lead to death.
- Following primary infection with TB, what are 4 possible courses the disease could take?
- 1) Heals by fibrosis 2) Progressive lung disease 3) Severe bacteremia 4) Preallergic lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination
- Give 3 examples of obligate anaerobes.
- Clostridium - Bacteroides - Actinomyces
- Give 3 types of infection Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly responsible for.
- 1) burn wound infection 2) nosocomial pneumonia 3) pneumonia with cystic fibrosis
- Give 4 examples of encapsulated bacteria.
- 1) Strep. pneumoniae 2) Haemophilus influenza (especially b) 3) Neisseria memingitidis 4) Klebsiella pneumoniae
- H. flu causes what? (4)
- Epiglottitis -Meningitis -Otitis media -Pneumonia (haEMOPhilus)
- How are Borrelia visualized?
- using aniline dyes (Wright\\'s or Giemsa stain) in light microscopy
- How are Mycobacteria visualized in the lab?
- acid-fast stain -> Ziehl-Neelson
- How are Treponema visualized?
- by dark-field microscopy
- How can secondary tuberculosis in the lung occur?(2)
- 1) Reinfection of partially immune hypersensitized hosts (usu. adults) -> exogenous source 2) Reactivation of dormant tubercle bacilli in immunocompromised or debilitated hosts -> endogenous source
- How can you remember that Viridans strep are resistant to optochin?
- they live in the mouth and are not afraid of the (opto-)CHIN
- How does primary syphilis present?
- with a painless chancre (localized disease; 2-10 wks).
- How does secondary syphilis present?
- disseminated disease (1-3m later) with constitutional symptoms, maculopapular rash, condylomata lata (genital lesions)
- How does tertiary syphilis present?
- gummas (granulomas), aortitis, neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis), Argyll-Robertson pupil
- How does the bacterium cause the disease?
- via exotoxin encoded by beta-prophage; exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis via ADP-ribosylation of EF-2
- How does the rash with typhus differ from the rash with RMSF?
- typhus: maculopapillary rash BEGINS ON TRUNCK, moves peripherally -RMSF: macules progressing to petichiae BEGIN ON HANDS &FFET and move inward.
- How is Brucellosis/Undulant fever transmitted?
- dairy products, contact with animals
- How is Cellulitis transmitted?
- Animal bite; cats, dogs
- How is H. flu transmitted?
- aeresol
- How is Legionnaires\\' disease diagnosed in lab?
- use silver stain (doesn\\'t Gram stain well) -culture with charcoal yeast extract with iron and cysteine.
- How is Legionnaires\\' disease transmitted?
- aeresol transmission from envirnomental water source habitat (NO human-to-human transmission).
- How is Lyme disease transmitted?
- Tick bite; Ixodes ticks that live of deer and mice
- How is Shigella spread?
- food, fingers, feces, and flies\\'
- How is the Plague transmitted?
- Flea bite; rodents, especially prairie dogs
- How is Tuleremia transmitted?
- Tick bite; rabbits, deer
- Is Bacillus anthracis G+ or G-? What is its morphology?
- It is a G+, spore-forming rod
- Is there an animal reservoir for leprosy?
- Yes, armadillos in the US
- List 5 findings associated with rheumatic fever. (Hint: PECCS)
- Polyarthritis - Erythema marginatum -Chorea - Carditis - Subcutaneous nodules
- List the \\'ABCDEFG\\' of diphtheria.
- ADP ribosylation -Beta-prophage -Corynebacterium - Diphtheria - Elongation Factor 2 - Granules
- Name 2 alpha-hemolytic bacteria.
- Strep. pneumoniae - Viridans streptococci
- Name 2 bugs that cause diarrhea but NOT fever and leukocytosis?
- E. coli and Vibro cholerae
- Name 2 disease processes that can be caused by enterococci.
- 1) UTI 2) subacute endocarditis
- Name 2 species of enterococci.
- Enterococcus faecalis -Enterococcus faecium
- Name 2 symptoms of diphtheria.
- pseudomembraneous pharyngitis (grayish white membrane) - lymphadenopathy
- Name 3 spore forming bacteria.
- Bacillus anthracis - Clostridium perfringens - C. tetani
- Name 4 beta-hemolytic bacteria.
- 1) Staph. aureus 2) Strep. pyogenes (GAS) 3) Strep. agalactiae (GBS) 4) Listeria monocytogenes
- Name 4 lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria.
- Klebsiella -E. coli -Enterobacter Citrobacter (think Lactose is KEE for first three listed)
- Name 4 obligate aerobic bacteria.
- Norcardia - Pserudomonas aeruginosa - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Bacillus
- Name 5 bugs that cause watery diarrhea.
- 1) Vibrio cholerae 2) enterotoxigenic E. coli 3) viruses (rotavirus) 4) protozoa (Cryptosporidium and (5) Giardia)
- Name 6 bugs that cause bloody diarrhea.
- 1) Salmonella 2) Shigella 3) Campylobacter jejuni 4) enterohemorrhagic/enteroinvasive E.coli 5) Yersinia enterocilitica 6) Entamoeba histolytica (a protozoan)
- Name 7 faculatative intracellular bacteria.
- 1) Mycobacterium 2) Brucella 3) Francisella 4) Listeria 5) Yersinia 6) Legionella 7) Salmonella
- Name three genera of spirochetes.
- Borrelia (big size) - Leptospira -Treponema (think: BLT; B is big)
- Name two lab tests used to detect syphilis?
- VDRL and FTA-ABS
- Name two non-lactose fermenting bacteria that invade intestinal mucosa and can cause bloody diarrhea.
- Salmonella and Shigella
- Name two obligate intracellular bacteria.
- Rickettsia and Chlamydia (Hint: \\'stay inside when its Really Cold.\\')
- RMSF is endemic to what part of the US?
- the East Coast (in spite of the name)
- Spore are formed by certain species of what type of bacteria?
- Gram+ rods, usually in soil; form spores only when nutrients are limited
- T/F Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites that cause mucosal infections.
- TRUE
- T/F Chlamys means cloak.
- TRUE (intracellular)
- T/F Enterobacteriaceae are oxidase negative and are glucose fermenters.
- TRUE
- T/F H. pylori infection is a risk factor for peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma.
- TRUE
- T/F Penicillin is not an effective treatment against Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
- TRUE Mycoplama are naturally resistant b/c they have no cell wall.
- T/F Pseudomonas produces both endotoxin and exotoxin.
- TRUE: endotoxin---> fever, shock -exotoxin---> inactivates EF-2
- T/F Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular parasites and need CoA and NAD.
- TRUE
- T/F Some enterococci are resistant to PenG.
- FALSE: ALL enterococci are naturally resistant to Pen/cephlosporins.
- T/F Spores have no metabolic activity.
- TRUE
- T/F: S. aureus food poisoning is due to the ingestion of bacteria that rapidly secrete toxin once they enter the GI tract.
- FALSE: rapid onset of S. aureus food poisoning is due to injestion of PREFORMED toxin
- The Weil-Felix reaction usually tests positive for what two diseases? Negative for what? Cross reacts with what?
- Positive: typhus and RMSF -Negative: Q fever -Cross-reacts: with Proteus antigen
- Think COFFEe for Enterobacteriaceae. What does that stand for?
- Capsular -O-antigen -Flagellar antigen -Ferment glucose -Enterobacteriaceae
- What\\'s a pneumonic for remembering 4 obligate aerobes?
- Nagging Pests Must Breath (-> Norcardia - Pserudomonas aeruginosa - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Bacillus
- What (6) infections can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?
- burn-wound infections -Pneumonia (esp. in cystic fibrosis) -Sepsis (black skin lesions) -External Otitis (swimmer\\'s ear) - UTI -hot tub folliculitis
- What 2 bugs can cause bloody diarrhea, fever, and leukocytosis, but do not ferment lactose?
- Salmonella and Shigella
- What animals carry Lyme disease?
- The Ixodes tick transmits it. - Deer are required for tick life cycle. - Mice are important resservoirs.
- What anitbody class is necessary for an immune response to encapsulated bacteria?
- IgG2.
- What are 2 disease processes caused by Viridans strep and what species are responsible?
- 1) dental caries: Strep. mutans 2) bacterial endocarditis: Strep. sanguis
- What are 2 options for triple thearpy treatment of H. pylori?
- (1) bismuth (Pepto-Bismal), metronidazole, and tetracyclin or amoxicillin. OR (2) metronidazole, omeprazole, and clarithromycin (#2 is more expensive)
- What are 3 advantages/differences between VDRL and FTA-ABS?
- FTA-ABS is 1) more specific 2) positive earlier in disease 3) remains positive longer than VDRL
- What are 3 disease processes caused by Strep. pyogenes?
- 1) Pyogenic--pharyngitis, cellulitis, skin infection 2) Toxigenic--scarlet fever, TSS 3) Immunologic--rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis
- What are 4 biological false positives for VDRL?
- 1) Viruses (mono, hepatitis) 2) Drugs 3) Rheumatic fever and rheumatic arthritis 4) Lupus and leprosy (-> VDRL)
- What are 4 clinical symptoms of \\'walking\\' pneumonia?
- 1) insidious onset 2) headache 3) nonproductive cough 4) diffuse interstitial infiltrate
- What are 4 clinical symptoms of TB?
- 1) fever 2) night sweats 3) weight loss 4) hemoptysis
- What are 5 areas that can be affected by extrapulmonary TB?
- 1) CNS (parenchmal tuberculoma or meningitis) 2) Vertebral body (Pott\\'s disease) 3) Lymphadenitis 4) Renal 5) GI
- What are the lab findings with Chlamydia?
- cytoplasmic inclusions on Giemsa fluorescent antibody-stains smear
- What are the symptoms of RMSF? (3)
- 1) rash on palms and soles (migrating to wrists, ankles, then trunck) 2) headache 3) fever
- What are the three stages of Lyme disease?
- 1) erythema chronicum migrans, flu-like symptoms 2) neurologic and cardiac manefestations 3) autoimmune migratory polyarthritis
- What are the two forms of chlamydia?
- 1) Elementary body (small, dense): Enters cell via endocytosis 2) Initial or Reticulate body: Replicates in the cell by fission
- What are the two forms of leprosy (or Hansen\\'s disease)?
- 1) lepromatous- failed cell-mediated immunity, worse 2) tuberculoid- self-limited.
- What are two drugs that could be used to treat \\'walking\\' pneumonia?
- tetracycline or erythromycin
- What are two drugs that could treat Chlmydia?
- erythromycin or tetracycline
- What are two lab findings associated with \\'walking\\' pneumonia?
- 1) X-ray looks worse than patient 2)High titer of cold agglutinins (IgM)
- What are usually associated with pseudomembraneous colitis?
- Clostridium difficile; it kills enterocytes, usu. is overgrowth secondary to antibiotic use (esp. clindamycin or ampicillin)
- What bacteria are G+, spore-forming, anaerobic bacilli?
- Clostridia
- What bacteria causes a malignant pustule (painless ulcer); black skin lesions that are vesicular papules covered by a blak eschar?
- Bacillus anthracis
- What bacteria exhibits a \\'tumbling\\' motility, is found in unpasteurized milk, and causes meningitis in newborns?
- Listeria monocytogenes
- What bacteria is catalase(-) and bacitracin-resistant?
- Strep. agalactiae
- What bacteria is catalase(-) and bacitracin-sensitive?
- Strep. pyogenes
- What bacteria is catalase+ and coagulase+?
- Staph. aureus
- What bacteria produces alpha-toxin, a hemolytic lecithinase that causes myonecrosis or gas gangrene?
- Clostridium perfringens
- What bacterium causes Cellulitis?
- Pasteurella multocida
- What bacterium causes leprosy?
- Mycobacterium leprae
- What bacterium causes Lyme disease?
- Borrelia burgdorferi
- What bacterium causes the Plague?
- Yersinia pestis
- What bacterium causes Tularemia?
- Francisella tularensis
- What bacterium causes Undulant fever?
- Brucella spp. (a.k.a. Brucellosis)
- What bug causes atypical \\'walking\\' pneumonia?
- Mycoplama pneumoniae
- What bug causes gastroenteritis and up to 90% of duodenal ulcers?
- Helicobacter pylori
- What bug causes Legionnaire\\'s disease?
- Legionella pneumophila
- What bug is associated with burn wound infections?
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- What bug is comma- or S-shaped and grows at 42C, and causes bloody diarrhea with fever and leukocytosis?
- Campylobacter jejuni
- What bug that causes diarrhea is usually transmitted from pet feces (e.g. puppies)?
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- What causes tetanus? (give bacteria and disease process)
- Clostridium tetani: exotoxin produced blocks glycine release (inhibitory NT) from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
- What causes the flu?
- NOT H. flu -it is caused by influenza virus
- What chemical is found in the core of spores?
- dipicolinic acid
- What coccobacillus causes vaginosis: greenish vaginal discharge with a fishy smell; nonpainful?
- Gardnerella vaginalis
- What disease does Bordetella perussis cause? How?
- Whooping cough: toxin permanently disables G-protein in respiratory mucosa (turns the \\'off\\' off);ciliated epithelial cells are killed; mucosal cells are overactive.
- What disease does Vibrio cholerae cause? How?
- Cholera: toxin permanently activates G-protein in intestinal mucosa (turns the \\'on\\' on) causing rice-water diarrhea
- What disease is caused by Borrelia?
- Lyme Disease
- What disease is caused by Clostridium botulinum? What pathophys. does it cause?
- Botulism: associated with contaminated canned food, produces a preformed, heat-labile toxin that inhibits ACh release---> flaccid paralysis.
- What diseases (2) are caused by Treponema?
- Syphilis (T. pallidum) -yaws (T. pertenue; not and STD)
- What diseases can be caused by Staph. aureus?
- Inflammatory disease: skin infections, organ abcess, pneumonia - Toxin-mediated disease: Toxic Shock Syn., scalded skin syndrome (exfoliative toxin), rapid onset food poisoning (enterotoxins)
- What do Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes A, B, and C cause?
- chronic infection, cause blindness in Africa (ABC-> Africa / Blindness / Chronic
- What do Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K cause? (3)
- urethritis/ PID - neonatal pneumonia -neonatal conjuctivitis
- What do Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1,L2, and L3 cause?
- lymphogranuloma venereum (acute lymphadentis: positive Frei test)
- What do RMSF, syphilis, and coxsackievirus A infection have in common?
- rash on palm and sole is seen in each (coxasackievirus A -> hand, foot, and mouth disease)
- What does catalase do? Which bacteria have it?
- it degrades H2O2, an antimicrobial product of PMNs. - Staphlococci make catalase; Strep. do NOT.
- What does the H-antigen represent?
- H: flagellar antigen, found on motile species