Psych concepts from Chapter 7 - Memory
Terms
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copy deck
- The process of putting information into memory is called?
- encoding
- represents information as sequences of sounds...
- Acoustic encoding
- represents information in the form of images
- visual encoding
- represents the meaning of information
- semantic encoding
- holding information in memory over time
- storage
- pulling inforation out of memory and into consciousness after it has beed stored is called....
- retrieval
- memory of event that happened while one was present
- episodic memory
- the mental representation of an experience by its general meaning
- semantic memory
- a type of memory containing information about how to do things
- Procedural memory
- The process in which people intentionally try to remember something and are conciously aware of doing so
- explicit memory
- The unintentional influence of prior experiences.
- implicit memory
- a view stating that how well something is remembered depends on the degree to which incoming information is mentally processed
- levels-of-processing model
- repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory
- maintenance rehearsal
- involves thinking about how new material relates to information already stored in long term memory.
- elaborative rehearsal
- This model suggest that the most important memory determinant is how well the encoding process matches what is retrieved.
- transfer-appropriate processing
- Just seeing the word sofa, for example, allows us immediately to gain access to knowledge about what a sofa looks like, what it is used for, where it tends to be located, who might buy one, and the like.
- parallel distributed processing models
- if encoding doesnt match retrieval you have poor recall (performance goes down/memory suffers)
- encoding specificity principle
- model of memory in which information is seen as passing through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long term memory
- information-processing model
- information from the senses- sights or sounds- a type of memory that holds large amounts of incoming information very briefly, but long enough to connect one impression to the next.
- sensory memory
- Your at a carnival and it is so crowded. There are rides everywhere, a kid crying, and people laughing. Out of all thats going on you choose to focus yourself on the kid crying even though your sensory organs retain all the other things going on around y
- selective attention
- You look up a phone in the phone book, and repeat the number as you dial it, by the time you get off the phone, you probably wont remember that number.
- short term memory
- Evidence support of this assertion comes from analyzing the mistakes people make when encoding information in the short term memory. ( by sound)
- acoustic encoding
- You have a list of names. remember them 2 by 2 then add the next 2 and the next two and keep going until you cant remember all of them together anymore.
- imediate memory span
- maintenance rehearsal
- someone tells you a phone number and you dont have a sheet of paper. Until you get a sheet of paper you repeat it over and over to yourself until you get that peice of paper
- involves thinking about how new material relates to information already stored in long-term memory.
- elaborative rehearsal
- Looks at the boy to try and remember his name...Keisha...ohh....Kevin!
- This model suggest that the most important memory determinant is how well the encoding process matches what is retrieved.
- A waitress has many different orders. She has to remember all the things one person wants verses another person wants. Example: Peter (milk eggs and bread), Sarah (cereal, butter, apple pie)
- Chunks
- part of the memory system who encoding and storage capabilities can produce memories that last a lifetime.
- long term memory
- encoding in long term memory often ignores details and instead encodes the general, underlying meaning of the information. Example: Give people a sentence verbally and give them the same sentence on paper. SOme cant remember if the two match, they rememb
- semantic encoding
- I ask Sarah to memorize some digits...then before I ask her to write those digits down I tell her to count by threes for a little while. Then I ask her to write those digits I asked her to memorize down. The counting by threes was down to prevent her fro
- Brown-Peterson procedure
- when we remember words at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle of the list.
- primary effect
- The ease of recalling words near the end of a list.
- recency effect
- Studying for a test where the test will be given
- context-dependent theory
- While studying for a test Mike drunk root beer all night. When he took the test he did poorly, but later on that night when he drunnk root beer the answers to teh test came back to him.
- state-dependent memory
- people tend to remember positive things from the past when there in a postive mood, but when in negative mood tehy remember negative things from the past.
- mood-congruency effect
- Jack has not used a pogo stick since he was 8. His memory of how to do it is not entirely gone, however there is still some notion there. It took him less time to relearn the skill now than it took to learn it initially
- methods of savings
- Larry learned Latin in highschool and has not spoken it for years. When he trys to speak latin to his girlfriend he can not remember the vocab for sentence he wants to say.
- decay
- One peice of info displaces another one, pushing it out of memory.
- interference
- Helen is learning French right now, but when she learns German next year it will be hard to learn because of the French she learned.
- proactive interference
- Helen has trouble remembering Spanish words form last year because she is now taking a French course
- retroactive interference
- Sarah had a brain injury so now she can't remember new people she meet, because she us unable to form new memories
- anterograde amnesia
- John has had a brain injury so now he can not remember things of his life that took place months, or years ago
- retrograde amnesia
- Jen is suppose to remember the 5 Great Lakes, so she comes up with this strategy.. HOMES (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior)
- acronyms
- In trying to remmeber the grocery list you come up with tomatoes smashed against the front door, or bananas hanging from the bedroom ceiling.
- method of loci
- studying for a test and cramming in a one ten- hour block.
- masses practices
- You only have ten hours to study for a test. It is good to take breaks in that ten hour break instead of going straight through so material will stay fresh and new.
- distributed practices
- Mary showed Joey a picture of a birthday party with family, ballons, and cake. After Joey examined the picture he was asked did he see any of these things adding on to it, presents. He said yes he saw presents. The truth is there were not presents in the
- constructed memory
- Dee told his friend he just bought a new car, His friend knows without asking that , like all other cars he has seen, the car has four wheels. However, he could be biased in that all cars may not have four wheels around the world.
- spontaneous generalizations
- theories of memory suggest that networks like these allows us to retrieve specific pieces of previously learned info and to make new inferences about concepts.
- semantic network