Chemistry
Terms
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- neutrons
- neutral uncharged particles that are located in the nucleus of the atom
- structural formula
- shows the types and numbers and arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
- unsaturated fatty acid
- if there are double covalent bonds between some of the carbons in the chain; plant and vegetable oils
- peptide
- a type of covalent bond that joins amino acids together.
- experimentation
- done under controlled conditions that allow phenomenon or observed situations to occur repeatedly
- hypothesis
- an intelligent guess using specific training, background, and observations about what is really occuring in the given phenomenon
- mixture
- a combination of 2 or more substances, in varying proportions that can be separated by ordinary physical means
- equilibrium
- a certain amount of the product continuously breaks up to form the reactants and the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
- pentose
- monosaccharides that contain five carbon atoms (ribose and deoxyribose)
- theory
- when evidence gathered supports a hypothesis and has not been disproven
- atomic weight
- the total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
- chemistry
- the science that deals with the composition of matter and the changes that may occur in the composition
- products
- substances formed by the reaction; are written on the right side of the equation
- proteins provide a source of
- energy = 4Kcal/gm
- bases (alkaline)
- proton acceptors; bitter in taste
- blinding
- in order to pevent bias in th reporting or interpretation of the results of experiments, some participants are prevented from knowing which experimental group they are in
- neutrality
- a neutral solution has the same number of proton donors as proton acceptors
- sugars or starches provide a source of
- energy = 4Kcal/gm
- therapeutic equivalency
- a rating of the therapeutic outcome of trade vs generic (treatment outcome)
- solute
- substance that is present in the smaller amount which is being dissolved
- chemical bond
- the attractive force that holds two atoms together
- lipids provide a source of
- energy= 9Kcal/gm
- adenosine triphosphate
- a high-energy compound composed of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups.
- solvent
- the component that is present in the larger amount and that does the dissolving
- fatty acids
- carbon chains with a carboxyl group at the one end
- amino acids
- the molecular sub-unit building blocks of proteins.
- dipeptide
- two amino acids linked chemically
- protons
- particles with a positive charge located in the nucleus of the atom.
- disaccharide
- when two hexose monosaccharides are linked together by dehydration synthesis reaction
- half-life
- the amount of time it takes for a given isotope to lose one half of its radioactivity.
- natural law
- when a theory is proven to be non-varying in nature
- food, drug and cosmetic act of 1938
- requires that a New Drug Application be submitted to the government prior to marketing in order to make sure the drug is safe.
- covalent bonds
- the sharing of electrons between atoms
- nucleotides
- the building blocks of nucleic acids; consists of a pentose, an organic nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
- buffers
- a solution that resists change in pH when an acid or a base is added; contains a wak acid and a salt of that acid, which functions as a weak base
- enzymes
- catalysts that regulate the thousands of different chemical reactions that take place in the body.
- carbohydrates
- sugars or starches
- chemical formula
- shorthand method for describing the chemical composition of a molecule or compound
- cations
- positively charged ions
- suspensions
- some mixtures involving liquids settle unless they are continually shaken
- fructose
- fruit sugar; the sweetest of all sugars
- nucleic acids
- large complex, organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous
- solutions
- mixtures in which the component particles remain evenly distributed; components can be separated by physical means
- phagic
- enzyme that eats substances
- applied research
- concerned with the application of scientific knowledge to the development of new and better product for the consumer
- proteins
- the basic structural material of the body; contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
- valance electrons
- electrons in the outermost energy level
- glucose
- the simplest carbohydrate; can be given intravenously
- universal solvent
- water
- building blocks of fats
- glycerol and fatty acids
- polysaccharide
- a large molecule consisting of repeating units of a simple sugar
- isotopes
- atoms of a given element that have different numbers of neutrons and so have different atomin weights.
- orbital
- regions of space within energy levels; represent the place where electrons are the most probably found
- atom
- the smallest unit of an element that retains the characteristic chemical properties of that element
- ions
- positively or negativly charged ions
- mass
- a measure of the amount of material in a substance
- acids
- a proton donor; any substance which when reacting with another substance, gives off a proton. (Bronsted-Lowry Theory)
- inconclusive evidence
- when the experiment proves inconclusive, the hypothesis is discarded or reworked
- anions
- negatively charged ions
- lipids
- neutral fats, phospholipids, and sterols (steroids)
- reactants
- substances that participate in the reaction; are written on the left side of the equation
- pure food and drug act of 1906
- specified that certain drugs are to be sold by prescription only; the fed government is to ensure thatdrug packages accurately state the name and qunatities of the active ingredients.
- basic research
- concerned with the checking of apparently correct theories
- most common steriod in the body
- cholesterol
- phospholipids
- fat-containing phosphorous; found in all living cells and in the bi-layers of cell membranes
- electrolytes
- substances that break up or dissasociate in solutions to form charged particles (ions)
- phenomenon
- any event that occurs in nature
- monosaccharides
- the simplest carbohydrate molecule--glucose; fructose and galactose as well
- salt
- a compound that dissasociates in water yielding a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH-
- single blind
- when subjects do not know which experimental group they are in
- saturated fatty acids
- if all carbons in a fatty acid are joined together with single bonds; typically animal fats
- organic compounds
- large, complex compounds containing carbon
- electrons
- paricles outside of the nucleus of the atom have a negative charge
- colloidal suspensions
- particles in this type os suspension are so small, they remain suspended in the liquid phase, but do not settle or dissolve
- chemical symbols
- used in a system of abbreviations; usually the first one or two letters of the english or latin name of the element
- elements
- substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reaction
- Arrhenius theory
- states that an acid is a substance that when dissolved in water gives off hydrogen ions
- conclusive evidence
- when phenomenon is observed and repeated through controlled experimentation
- molecule
- when two or more atoms from the same element chemically combine
- atomic number
- the fixed number of protons in the atomic nucleus; chemical identity of the atom
- scientific method
- a process used to develop accurate representations of the world.
- steroids
- components with four interconnected rings of carbon atoms that are derivatives of lipids
- double blind
- both the subject and the evaluator do not know which experimental group they are in
- orange book
- a rating system of codes to compare the therapeutic equivalency and bioequivalency of the trade drugs to that of the generic drugs
- polypeptide
- several linked amino acids
- ionic bond
- the force of electrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
- litic
- enzyme that breaks down substances.
- galactose
- one of the components of lactose sugar
- hemoglobin
- a large protein molecule found inside red blood cells that has specidalized function to transport oxygen to the body tissues
- therapeutic equivalency
- a rating of the therapeutic outcome of Trade vs generic (treatment outcome)
- chemical compound
- a substance that compromises two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
- energy levels
- where electrons are located
- matter
- anything that has mass and takes up space
- 5 most important groups or organic compounds in the body
- carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and adenosine triphosphate
- trace elements
- elements that are present in small amounts in the body and earth
- triglycerides
- the neutral fats--the bodies most highly concentrated source of energy storage.
- ionic compounds
- compounds of oppositely charged ions that are held together by ionic bonds
- orange book
- a rating system to compare the therapeutic equivalency and bioeequivalency of the trade to that of the generic.