Gen. Bio. 2 Test 2
Terms
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- Speciation
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-the process of biological species formation
-under most conditions is usually macro - Species concept
- Traditional definition of species- a group of individuals that is capable of reproducing viable, fertile young. A group of individuals that normally breed with each other. Do not mate with another group of organisms in a natural setting. Doesn’t matter if they are different breeds.
- These things can contribute to the production of new species⬦they also serve as indicators of a new species
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-Geographical isolation
-Reproduction isolation
-Ecological isolation
-Behavioral isolation
-Temporal isolation
-Mechanical isolation
-Prevention of gamete fusion - Geographical isolation
- extrinsic factor- a means to speciation⬦dangerous if used as evidence⬦two groups are isolated from each other by a geographical feature
- Reproduction isolation
- intrinsic factor- traits of the species⬦occur within a population⬦these are traits within the population
- Ecological isolation
- even though the organisms live in the same environment they start to use different resources of that forest and that can have different routes⬦organisms try to reduce competition out in nature.
- Behavioral isolation
- species have different mating rituals
- Temporal isolation
- mating or flowering occur during different seasons or at different times of the day
- Mechanical isolation
- structural differences prevent mating or pollen transfer
- Prevention of gamete fusion
- gametes fail to attract each other or function poorly
- Reproduction Isolating Mechanisms
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-Zygote forms nothing develops from it.
THE MECHANISMS
-Fertilization-fertile hybrid offspring
-Hybrid embryos do not develop properly
-Hybrid adults do not survive in nature
-Hybrid adults are sterile or have reduced fertility - Adaptive Radiation
- evolutionary diversification of a generalized ancestral form with production of a number of adaptively specialized forms
- Requirements of Adaptive Radiation
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-Population of significant amounts of natural variation
-An environment with unfilled niches (specialized market) - Gradualism
- the evolution of new species by gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over long periods of time; also : a theory or model of evolution emphasizing this
- Punctuated Equilibrium
- evolution that is characterized by long periods of stability in the characteristics of an organism and short periods of rapid change during which new forms appear especially from small subpopulations of the ancestral form in restricted parts of its geographic range; also : a theory or model of evolution emphasizing this
- Phylogeny
- the evolutionary history of a species⬦less common is one species lead to the other⬦more common is the branching system
- Homologous
- features that are evidence of evolutionary relationship; also have same embryological origin
- Analogous
- does the same function but doesn’t have the same embryological origin or the same structure
- Patterns of Evolution
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-Divergent
-Parallel
-Convergent - Divergent
- species are getting more and more different
- Parallel
- species are remaining consistent they change in similar ways
- Convergent
- species are getting more and more similar
- Prosimians
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40 million years ago shared a common ancestor with humans.
lemurs, tarsiers - Anthropoids
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Ancestor broke off about 30 million years ago- New World Monkeys
25 Million years ago- Old World Monkeys - Hominoids
- Gibbons, Orangutans, Gorilla, and Chimpanzees
- Hominids
- humans and their direct ancestors
- Aristotle
- first who took an interest in classifying and grouping organisms...divided plants and animals
- Ray
- came up with concept of Species
- Linnaeus
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Binomial name- two Latin words- genus and species
Added class, order, genus - kings play chess on funny green squares
- kingdoms, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
- 6 kingdoms
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Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia - 3 domains
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Achaea: Archaebacteria
Bacteria: Eubacteria
Eukarya: Eukaryotes
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia - Rules for taxonomy
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1. each organism has a unique name
2. name is universal
3. in Latin
4. name should remain the same
5. Genus capped, species not
6. binomial name
italicized when typed
underlined when written by hand - oikos
- the house
- ology
- the study of
- Infinite
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Gap
Humans
Animals
Plants
Machine - Personal
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Humans
Gap
Animals
Plant
Machine - two adams
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1. Adam- broke relationships between everything
2. Jesus- repaired the damage that had been created by the first Adam - Genesis 1:1
- In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
- John 1:3
- Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made.
- 1 Corinthians 10:26
- for, "The earth is the Lord's, and everything in it
- Psalm 50:10-11
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10 for every animal of the forest is mine, and the cattle on a thousand hills.
11 I know every bird in the mountains, and the creatures of the field are mine. - Genesis 1:31
- God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning—the sixth day.
- Genesis 1:28
- God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground."
- Genesis 2:8,15
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8 Now the LORD God had planted a garden in the east, in Eden; and there he put the man he had formed.
15 The LORD God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it. - Genesis 4:9
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Then the LORD said to Cain, "Where is your brother Abel?"
"I don't know," he replied. "Am I my brother's keeper?" - Joshua 24:15
- But if serving the LORD seems undesirable to you, then choose for yourselves this day whom you will serve, whether the gods your forefathers served beyond the River, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land you are living. But as for me and my household, we will serve the LORD."
- Genesis 3:17
- To Adam he said, "Because you listened to your wife and ate from the tree about which I commanded you, 'You must not eat of it,' "Cursed is the ground because of you; through painful toil you will eat of it all the days of your life.
- Romans 8:20-22
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20For the creation was subjected to frustration, not by its own choice, but by the will of the one who subjected it, in hope 21that[a] the creation itself will be liberated from its bondage to decay and brought into the glorious freedom of the children of God.
22We know that the whole creation has been groaning as in the pains of childbirth right up to the present time. - John 3:16
- For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son,[a] that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.
- Psalms 19:1-6
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1 The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands.
2 Day after day they pour forth speech; night after night they display knowledge.
3 There is no speech or language where their voice is not heard. [a]
4 Their voice [b] goes out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world. In the heavens he has pitched a tent for the sun,
5 which is like a bridegroom coming forth from his pavilion, like a champion rejoicing to run his course.
6 It rises at one end of the heavens and makes its circuit to the other; nothing is hidden from its heat. - Acts 14:17
- 17Yet he has not left himself without testimony: He has shown kindness by giving you rain from heaven and crops in their seasons; he provides you with plenty of food and fills your hearts with joy."
- Romans 1:20
- 20For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse.
- Psalm 19
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1 The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands.
2 Day after day they pour forth speech; night after night they display knowledge.
3 There is no speech or language where their voice is not heard. [a]
4 Their voice [b] goes out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world. In the heavens he has pitched a tent for the sun,
5 which is like a bridegroom coming forth from his pavilion, like a champion rejoicing to run his course.
6 It rises at one end of the heavens and makes its circuit to the other; nothing is hidden from its heat.
7 The law of the LORD is perfect, reviving the soul.
The statutes of the LORD are trustworthy, making wise the simple.
8 The precepts of the LORD are right, giving joy to the heart. The commands of the LORD are radiant, giving light to the eyes.
9 The fear of the LORD is pure, enduring forever. The ordinances of the LORD are sure and altogether righteous.
10 They are more precious than gold, than much pure gold; they are sweeter than honey, than honey from the comb.
11 By them is your servant warned; in keeping them there is great reward.
12 Who can discern his errors? Forgive my hidden faults.
13 Keep your servant also from willful sins; may they not rule over me. Then will I be blameless, innocent of great transgression.
14 May the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be pleasing in your sight, O LORD, my Rock and my Redeemer. - Colossians 1:16-17
- 16For by him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things were created by him and for him. 17He is before all things, and in him all things hold together.
- Hebrews 1:3
- 3The Son is the radiance of God's glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word. After he had provided purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty in heaven.
- Sabbath--> Rest
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Weekly
Seven Years
50 Years