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- George Kennan-"Long Telegram" 1946
- He was an expert on the Soviet after the war. He said Soviets were naturally aggressive, hypermasculine, and cant be talked to reasonably
- Alger Hiss
- testified before HUAC,
- Fair Employment Practices Commission of 1941
- FDR put forward this plan and this stopped Randolph from marching on washington
- "open skies"
- mutual aerial surveillance. The U.S. can fly over the Soviet Union to see their nuclear centers and the Soviet Union can do the same.
- Non-Aggression Pact of Aug. 1939
- was between Germany and Soviet Union. They won't invade each other and gets half of Poland
- March on Washington of Aug. 28, 1963
- many people met at the Lincoln memorial in support for bill on civil rights
- "passive civil disobedience"
- breaking the law in a peaceful, nonviolent way
- Tripartile Pact of Sept. 1940
- Italy, Germany, and Japan came upon an agreement to help each other out when attacked
- Atomic bomb of Nagasaki of Aug. 9, 1945
- Second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki
- Operation Mongoose of 1961-1962
- meant to destabilize cuba, they were trying to discredit castro. 30 attempts to get rid of him and all failed
- Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922
- Highest tariffs for that time
- Chiang Kai-shek
- was fighting agaist Mao but had to flee to Taiwan
- Battle of the Bulge of Dec. 1944-Jan. 1945
- last attempt to weaken allied forces. We beat germany and had a clear path to Berlin
- A. Philip Randolph
- leader of a labor union for blacks, wanted to put together a march on washington
- nixon doctrine
- the U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, will provide aid
- Axis Powers
- Germany, Italy, and Japan
- the "Greensboro 4"-Feb. 1960
- 4 black freshman that go into a white restaurant and asked to be served and are denied, do it over and over again
- Washington Naval Conference of 1921
- the desire to decrease in armory (weapons, military)
- malcolm x
- was for black rights but in a violent way if necessary
- Mao Zedong
- leader of the People's Republic of China. Was communist
- U.N. General Assembly
- was made up of different countries that can have a representative sit in at the meetings to discuss things
- Josef Stalin of Soviet Union
- Communist leader of Soviet union. Did not like capitalism
- Lyndon B. Johnson
- sworn into the presidency after JFK died
- richard nixon
- Republican running in the election of 1968, he wins
- Whittaker Chambers-"Pumpkin Papers"
- testified against Hiss and had documents to persecute him
- Rio Pact of 1947
- Between U.S., Latin American nations, and Canada. All agreed to come to each others aid to fight communism
- Martin Luther King Jr.
- wanted redemption and reconciliation for the U.S.
- V-E day of May 8, 1945
- Victory of Europe
- Nine-Power Pact of 1922
- Dealt with China and open door policy. They would declare to leave China alone and let everyone trade with them.
- Che Guevara
- makes Fidel a communists
- "southern Manifesto" in 1956
- they said that the Brown cases were an abuse of power
- Emperor Hirohito of Japan
- Emperor of Japan. He wants to increase consumption and ditch the open door policy to get China. He also builds up the navy
- Nikita Khrushchev
- came to power in Russia after stalin dies
- Prime Minister Winston Churchill
- P.M. of Britain. Asked U.S for credit and escorts for British merchant ships.
- D-Day of June 6, 1944
- Invasion of Normandy
- Revenue Act of 1932
- was a way to pay for all the subsidies. Taxes of rich people and gas
- Cuban Missile Crisis of Oct. 1962
- a very tense 13 day stand-off between the U.S. and soviet union. the soviets backed down first
- Joseph Welch
- attorney for the army to fight McCarthy
- "Freedom Rides"
- blacks that rode a bus city to city to try to bring about change
- Lee Harvey Oswald
- assassinated Kennedy in Dallas by shooting him
- Thurgood Marshall
- brought the Brown v. BOE to the supreme court saying segregation was wrong
- V-J Day of Sept. 1945
- Victory over Japan
- fascism
- the needs and interests of an individual is not as important as the needs and interests of the government
- Division of Germany of 1949
- Stalin separated his half of germany with a wall
- the "red telephone"
- a land line between moscow and the white house in case tension rised they could negotiate
- MLK Jr.'s famous "I have a dream" speech
- gave this speech at the Lincoln memorial in support for bill on civil rights
- Executive order 9981 of 1948
- it called for the integration and equality in the Armed Forces
- Atomic bomb of Hiroshima of Aug. 6, 1945
- First atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
- Senator Joseph McCarthy
- claimed he had a list of 205 people who were communist in the state department. He said there were communist in the army
- Munich Conference of Sept. 1938
- P.M. Neville Chamberlain met with Hitler and asked him to stop taking over other countries. Hitler agreed but 6 months later took over rest of Czech.
- Battle of Britain of Aug.-Oct. 1940
- Hitler wanted to take over Britain. Hitler eventually gave up.
- Postdam Conference of July 1945
- Germany is sectioned up into 4 pieces of influence between U.S, Great Britain, France, and Soviet Union
- Ngo Dinh Diem
- U.S. picked leader for S.Vietnam.
- Eleanor Roosevelt
- put forward civil rights, she met with A. Philip Randolph, to talk about civil rights for blacks
- "Venona Files"
- contained transmissions between Moscow and certain U.S. cities. We did have spies working for stalin in certain parts of the govt.
- barry goldwater
- accused Johnson of being soft, was johnson's opponent in the election of 1964
- House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
- created to look into communist acts, they focused a lot on the hollywood movies
- Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee of 1960
- a group to support non-violent desegregation
- Executive Order 9066 of Feb. 1942
- put Japanese in internment caps. About 120,000 were in the camps
- Massive Retaliation
- they let the Soviet Union know that if they threatened any U.S. interest, the U.S. is willing to use muclear weapons to deal with them.
- Freedom march from selma to montgomery, AL in march 1965
- march to promote voting for blacks
- Tehran conference of Dec. 1943
- Josef Stalin, Winston Churchill, and FDR meet here in Iran to talk about operation overlord
- Gov. Orval Faubus
- didn't allow de-segregation to occur in Arkansas
- Ho Chi Minh
- leads resistance inside Vietnam against France. He is communist
- Fulgencio Batista/ Fidel Castro
- Batista is a dictator, Fidel overthrows him and sets himself up as a dictator
- Desegregation of Central High School in 1957
- 9 students were picked to go to a white school to start de-segregation
- Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957
- military aid and troops in order to protect any middle eastern country that feels threatened by communism
- gold standard
- America went off the gold standard and switched to currency instead of a dollar being equal to gold
- Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930
- Highest rates passed in U.S History
- gulf of tonkin resolution of 1964
- gave Johnson unlimited power to deal with this problem, he didn't need a declaration of war
- Berlin Blockade of 1948-1949
- was done by Soviet Union. They tried to stop aid going to Germany
- Reconstruction Finance Corporation of 1932
- biggest government intervention during peace time
- Alfred E. Smith
- Ran in the election of 1928. He was a Democrat, ran against Hoover
- Adlai Stevenson
- Democrat running against Eisenhower and Nixon in election of 1952
- Neutrality Act of 1939
- was a way to give weapons and ammunition to cash paying countries.
- "war on poverty"
- to eradicate poverty: medicare and medicaid, expanded social security, HUD, food stamp program, free legal aid to the poor
- Bay of Pigs Invasion of April 1961
- CIA was training at the bay of pigs but castro knew about it and met them there
- Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
- one who met with Hitler at the munich conference to sort things out with Hitler's reckless acts
- Gamal Nasser in 1956
- leader of Egypt, U.S. gives him money but takes it away when he accepts money from communist
- Herbert Hoover
- Ran in the election of 1928. He was a Republican, ran against Alfred E. Smith
- Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren
- picked by Eisenhower b/c he thought Warren would be conservative
- First New Deal of 1933-1935
- Created "Bank Holiday, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Agricultural Adjustment Act and National Industrial Recovery Act, and Public Works Administration
- P.M. Mossadegh/ Shah Pahlavi in 1953
- CIA got rid of Mossadegh and put in Pahlavi in Iran.
- Brown II in 1955
- said that de-segregation had to happen with all deliberate speed
- Liberation of Nazi concentration camps
- Americans go to concentration camps to let the people free and we make the germans walk through them to see what their leader had done.
- Gen. william westmoreland
- he requested more military aid in S.Vietnam
- Yalta conference of Feb. 1945
- Churchill, FDR, and Stalin met again to see who gets to take revenge on Berlin. Stalin gets to after he agrees to help fight japan.
- Social Security Act
- Gave purchasing power to the needy. It set up a pention plan so people can retire at 60
- Allied Powers
- United Kingdom, France, Soviet Union, United States, China
- 21st Amendment
- overturned Prohibition
- Enigma Machine
- machine that made codes for Hitler. He thought we hadn't broken it but we had
- National Liberation Front
- troops that fought the Viet cong troop in S.Vietnam that were from N.Vietnam
- Atlantic Charter of August 1941
- list of principles to be upheld to keep fascist countries away.
- Charles Evans Hughes
- led the Washington Naval Conference and made the Five-Power Treaty
- Adolf Hitler
- appointed chancellor of Germany. He didn't like Communism and Jews
- Bonus Army of 1932
- Marched to congress to try to get their bonus pay early.
- Julius and Ethel Rosenburg
- spies in the U.S. working for the Soviet Union and they were executed
- Kellogg-Braind Pact of 1928
- Addressed an international call to outlaw war. Over a dozen nations signed this Pact
- Invasion of Poland of September 1, 1939
- was by Hitler and this starts WWII
- Rosa Parks in Dec. 1955
- she refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white person
- Lend-Lease Program of March 1941
- the authorization of military supplies or anything else to countries who we fancied
- "5th Amendment Communists"
- were made to testify and most went to jail, they were blacklisted in hollywood
- quarantine
- it was a blockade from cuba. no more shipments to cuba and told the soviet union they needed to move their missiles out of cuba
- Attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941
- Japanese attack Pearl Harbor.
- Domino Theory
- if one nation falls, the other nations will too.
- K1C2
- Korea, Communism, and Corruption. This was Eisenhowers plan
- General Douglas MacArthur
- led the peace plan in Korea, *President ordered him to send arms and troops to South Korea *Did not seek congressional approval for the decision *Set the precedent of waging war on executive authority alone
- Birmingham March of 1963
- march for desegregation. many people were beaten and JFK sent in troops to protect them
- Good Neighbor Policy
- FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region
- hubert humphry
- Johnsons vice president and was running for president, is a democrat, election of 1968
- black nationalism
- a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community
- Berlin Airlift of 1948-1949
- in response to the blockade to get supplies to the people of Germany. Made Soviet Union give up
- voting rights act of 1965
- federal oversight over all elections in the south, removed discriminatory measures so blacks could vote
- Walter Millis's The Road to War of 1935
- suggests that Great Britain and France made Germany look worse than they were
- "Appeasement"
- give leader what he wants so he will not retaliate
- Korean War of 1950-1953
- Communist North Korea invades South Korea. Americans gets scared and U.N leads a peace plan in Korea
- Operation Fortitude
- George S. Patton led this operation into Germany to find Hitler and the others toward Berlin
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference
- An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.
- "the great society"
- social programs: National endowment for the arts, museums, education facilities, endowment for humanities
- Battle of Midway of June 1942
- put the allies back in power. The U.S broke the code so they knew they were going to midway.
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) of 1949
- U.S, Canada, Iceland, Great Britain, Turkey, and a big chunk of Europe. Was security to fight Europe
- Jacobo Arbenz/ Castillo Armas in 1954
- CIA steps in and gets rid of Arbenz and puts in Armas
- "daisy girl ad"
- aired on TV against goldwater, scarred americans and they voted for johnson
- "de-stalinization"
- Khrushchev's plan to change things, he let political prisoners go and changed the industrialization to things Russia needed
- Truman Doctrine of 1947
- U.S must extend both military and/or economic aid to any nation that is neglecting communism internally or externally
- paris peace accord of jan. 27, 1973
- it re-establishes the 17th parallel in Vietnam
- Admiral yamamoto
- Commander in Chief of the Japanese Fleet.
- Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922
- Called upon all parties to put a 10 year ban on military stuff. Also to accept a ratio for balance of naval power
- Warsaw Pact of 1955
- like NATO but they agree not to let capitalism into their countries
- "bloody sunday" on march 7, 1965
- when the freedom marchers were attacked by the police and americans saw this happen on TV
- Nye Committee of 1934
- set up to study the causes of why the U.S was in WWI
- Morgenthau Plan
- wanted to wipe out Germany's industrial community to make it farmland
- Executive Order 9835 of 1947
- dealt with communism in the U.S. Enabled the FBI to do extensive background checks
- Army-McCarthy Hearings of 1954
- He accused people in the army of being communist
- 2nd Red Scare
- fear of communism being in the U.S was big after Korean War
- Operation Overlord of June 4, 1944
- tricked the germans into thinking two invasions would happen where they wouldn't
- "containment"
- must contain the threat of communism before it spreads to other countries
- Security Council
- made up of U.S, Great Britain, France, China, and Russia. More powerful than the General Assembly
- Wealth Tax Act
- Designed to pay for the acts created by the second new deal. Targeted wealthy people.
- Civil rights act of 1964
- forbid job discrimination, prohibited any discrimination in public facilities
- Federal Farm Bureau of 1929
- Help farmers during the Great Depression
- New Frontier
- Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military
- Manhattan Project
- research for nuclear weapons, it was in Los Alimos, NM
- Richard Nixon
- did not win the election of 1960, Kennedy did
- General Dwight D. Eisenhower
- in charge of European zone
- Marshall Plan of 1947
- wanted to prevent countries that were not doing well economically falling to communism.
- gulf of tonkin incident of aug. 2-4, 1964
- U.S. ship was fired upon by the N. Vietnamese
- Buying on Margin
- only have to put down a little money and rest is paid by loans
- Benito Mussolini of Italy
- hated communism and wanted a roman empire, taking over the mediterranian
- "Black Tuesday"
- October 29, 1929 Stock Market Crash
- Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower/Richard Nixon
- Republicans in election of 1952
- General Douglass MacArthur
- Supreme Allied Commander in the Pacific
- NSC-68
- National Security Council #68. said soviets would seek world domination, could launch nuclear attack, U.S must not negotiate with them
- National Security Act of 1947
- created several agenices: department of defense, national security council, center for intelligence act.
- Brown v. BOE in 1954
- Warren claimed that segregation was unconstituional
- National Labor Relations Act
- Designed to increase consumer spending by allowing workers to get better wages
- Harry S. Truman
- comes into office after FDR dies
- Court-Packing Scheme of 1937
- Hoover asked the Supreme court to make a separate section for people sitting on the supreme court over 70
- Works Progress Administration
- Another round of public works job. It was to employ the unemployed
- Second New Deal of 1935-1937
- Created National Labor Relations Act, Social Security Act, Works Progress Administration, and Wealth Tax Act
- Rape of Nanking of 1937
- Japanese invaded China and raped the women and took all the resources of the land
- the "Johnson Treatment"
- a saying for how Johnson got what he wanted always
- The Dawes Plan of 1924
- Germany stopped paying reparations in 1923 because they couldn't afford it. They lowered Germanys reparation amount and asked banks and wealthy people to pump some money into Germany
- James earl ray
- convicted of killing Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 and sentenced to 99 years in jail
- robert kennedy on June 5, 1968
- was running for the election of 1968 when he was assassinated by a palastinian
- Percentage Deal of Oct. 1944
- broke up countries between stalin and Great Britain, was created on a napkin, never happened
- "Atomic Diplomacy"
- to control other countries out of fear we might use it on them