reduction, evolution, and classification
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- the simplest type of asexual reproduction that occurs in bacteria
- fission
- production of an exact copy of an entire hydra occurs in what proceess?
- budding
- region of hte sperm that stores ATP for energy
- neck
- where sperm cells are stored
- epidiymis
- adds most fluid to semen, and a base to raise pH, and
- prostate gland
- a single immature egg held within a group of ovarian cells
- follicle
- process that occurs when a mature cell is not fertilized and is released along the uterine lining
- menstration
- a fertilized egg that is stil a single cell
- zygote
- first series of cell divisions without growth in size
- cleavage
- the hollow fluid-filled oball of cells that can implant in the uterus
- blatocyst
- middle layer of the cells in an early embryo
- mesoderm
- ectoderm that moves inside the early embryo and will grow
- brain
- what is the term homunculus associated with?
- preformation
- what does the infinite regress problems for the homunculus have to do with?
- sperm cells in a homunculus would have tiny homunculii inside them
- what does not accept the concept of change in living things
- fixity of species
- where did Hutton and Lyllel find fossils of sea creatures
- along the seashore
- WHo predicted that humans would someday overpopulate the earth due to geometric growth
- Malthus
- what is the type of selection when humand develop new dog breeding
- artificial
- What are examples of pure substances?
- elements, compounds, graphite, carbon
- What is not a pure substance?
- solution
- Water is a ____ and a _____.
- molecule and compound
- Sand is water is a what?
- heterogeous mixture
- What is salt known as in a salt solution?
- the solute
- List from smallest to greatest the types of particles found in a mixture
- solution, colloid, suspension
- What is a cell cytoplasm an example of?
- colloid
- The number of what determines an element's atomic number?
- protons
- What is an electron known as in modern theory?
- an atomic particle with a negativ charge
- Protons have a difference in what of an element that has the same number?
- isotopes
- When an atom gives away an electron it becomes an ion with what charge?
- 1
- How many ions are found in an ion of chlorine?
- 18
- What does the charge of sodium become when it becomes an ion?
- 1
- How many covalent bonds form between 2 atoms of hydrogen?
- 1
- Which type of bond occurs between water molecules?
- hydrogen
- When a substance releases hydroxide ions in solitions what is it defined as?
- a base
- What happens when an acid and a base combine in neutralization?
- a salt and water forms
- Is gluscose organic or non organic?
- organic
- What is the function of simple sugars?
- to provid quick energy
- What did Wohhler combine to produce urea?
- two non organic substances
- Through what process is a disaccride formed?
- dehydration synthesis
- How many hydrogen atoms are found in the disaccharide sucrose?
- 22
- What is the process known as when warer is added to split a larder molecule apart?
- hydrolysis
- What is the process when an animal polysaccharide stores energy in our liver
- glycogen
- what is the process when a plant poly saccharide build a wall?
- cellulose
- What has less oxygen than sugars?
- lipids
- How many molecules are released in the synthesis of one fat molecule?
- three
- Compared to an unsaturated fat, a saturated fat has more what?
- hydrogen
- What are the building blocks of proteins known as?
- amino acids
- What letter is the refion of a protein's building block represented by?
- R
- How many types of protein building blocks are there?
- 20
- A peptide bond forms between what two elements?
- carbon-nitrogen
- What is changed during a chemical reaction in the body?
- substrate
- What are the building blocks of nucleic acids known as?
- nucleotides
- At what temerature do enzymes work best?
- 98.6
- At which temperature do enzymes denature?
- 140
- What does adenine always pair up with in a nitrogen base of a DNA molecuel?
- thymine
- Who was the first scientist to oberve tree bark and name the little boxes he saw as cells?
- Who was the botanist who stated that all plants are made from cells?
- Schlieden
- Who stated that sells only arsise from pre-existing cells of the same type?
- Hooke
- What is not found in all cells?
- cell membrane
- What do plants and animal cells both contain?
- centrioles
- What is characteristic to plant cells?
- no cell membrane
- What is the ratio surface area to the volume in a 3 cm cube?
- 1 to 1
- What does a cell become as it becomes smaller?
- less efficent in transporting substances
- In a non dividing cell, which part of the cell nucleus prevenrs DNA from entering the cytoplasm?
- cell wall
- How many total chromosomes are found in a diploid human body cell nucleus?
- 46
- Where is the most of the RNA that is used to make ribosomes found in?
- nucleolus
- What is the transport of water into and out of cells mostly controlled by ?
- phospholidpids
- Which molecules help hold the cell membrane together?
- structural proteins
- What are molecules that sense the envivornment around them known as?
- receptor proteins
- What is osmosis?
- the movement of water through a membrane from high concentration to low concentration
- When a cell that is 99% made of water and placed in fluid, osmosis makes water enter the cell until it bursts open? What is this known as?
- hypotonic
- What is the process of engulfing large food particles known as?
- phagocytosis
- wher are proteins that are produced on ribosomes found?
- mitochondria
- What are moelcules stored, modified,and packaged by?
- the golgi aparatus
- What are cell structures that contain enzymes to digest invading organisms?
- ribosomes
- What transfers food molecules to the atp?
- mitochondria
- What is mitosis?
- the divison of the nucleus
- What does a cell do in interphase?
- carry out basic life needs
- What structure disintegrates during the prophase?
- nuclear envelope and nucleolus
- What phase has the chromososme line up at the cell's equator ?
- metaphase
- What are the structures that hold sister chromatids to spindle fibers known as?
- centromeres
- In what phase do chromatids separate and move toward either pole of the cell?
- anaphase
- In what phase is the direct opposite of telophase seen in?
- prophase
- daughter cells are formed ducing a process known as what?
- cytokinesis
- How are plan cells unique compared to animal cells?
- they have cell walls
- Why did Mendel use pea plants in his experiments?
- b/c they showed only 2 clear different forms of traits
- What is a genotype found in Mendel's parent generation?
- TT
- In Mendel's pea plants what would a tall heterozygote genotype be?
- Tt
- What phenotype disappears in the F1 generation?
- short
- What genotype can appear in the F2 generation?
- TT, Tt, tt
- What would the ratio of tall to short palnts in the F2 generation?
- "3:1"
- When a heterozygous tall plant is crossed with a short plant, what fraction of their offspring should show the tall phenotype?
- ".5"
- Two heterozygous plants are crossed, producing a total of 24 offspring. How many of the offspring should show the tall phenotype?
- 18
- How many factors are there for each trait?
- 2
- Due to segregation, a gamete from a homozygous dominant pea plant should have what genotype?
- T
- A test cross of a tall plant results in 4 offspring, all of which are tall. What was the genotype of the original Tall plant?
- cannot tell
- If two dihybrids are crossed, how many of their offspring should show the dominant form of the first trait, and the recessive form of the second trait?
- "3/16"
- If a tall dihybrid plant is crossed with a recessice plant, what fraction of their offspring should be short with yellow seeds?
- "1/4"
- Id a red flowered plant is crossed with a whit flowered plant and they show incomplete dominance, what fraction of their offspring should have pink flowers?
- all
- A man who has type o blood produces offspring with a type ab woman. What fraction of their offspring should be type A?
- "1/2"
- A man with type a blood and a woman with type b blood can have what blood type babies?
- any blood type
- What is the combination fo genes that form phenotypes known as?
- polygenic inheritance
- Where are sex-linked traits found?
- in the x- chromosomes
- If a normal man and a normal woman have a child, what are the chances of it being color blind?
- "1/4"
- Why does hemophelia rarely occur in daughters?
- because it must be present in the x-chromosome of the father who must have hemophilia
- What are genes found on the same chromosome known as?
- linkage groups
- What does crossing over in meiosis result in?
- recombination
- Who first discovered nuclein?
- Meischer
- In Griffith's experiment, which condition caused pneumonia in mice?
- R-type and dead S-type together
- What element was found in Hershey and Chase's experiment that found that viruses give their offspring only DNA?
- phosphorous
- For developing a model of DNA, who received a Nobel Prize?
- Watson and Crick
- Comlementary bases pair up in the center of a molecule of what?
- DNA
- Of one side of DNA contains cytosine, then what does the other side hold?
- guanine
- In base pairing, the bases contain a fixed amount of what?
- hydrogen bonds
- What is the formation of exact copies of DNA known as?
- replication
- If the base sequence of a side of DNA is CTCG, then what is the complementary strand?
- GAGC
- Who were the scientists who first stated the "one gene- one enzyme" hypothesis?
- Beadle and Tatum
- What is a change in the structure of a gene?
- mutation
- Where is DNA found in a non dividing cell?
- nucleus
- RNA in protein synthesis contains what?
- the base uracil
- What is the production of mRNA known as?
- transcription
- What is the 3-base section of mRNA that signals the placement of a particular amino acid called?
- codons
- What is the process of transfer RNA attacking the correct region of mRNA and puts the correct amino acid in place.
- translation
- What type of genotype does someone who has normal blood have?
- homozygous dominant
- What is someone who with the sickle cell genotype known as?
- heterozygous
- What sickle cell genotype is the best for survival in places where malaria is still common?
- heterozygous
- If two people with sickle cell trait have a child what is the chance that child will have sickle cell anemia?
- 25%
- What will the result be if plasmodium enters a red blood cell of someone with the sickle cell trait?
- the red blood cell will sickle, preventing plasmodium from reproducing
- What would be a major problem living on the dark side of the moon?
- the gases needed to for life would condense into liquids
- what is the process of water changing to gas known as?
- evaporation
- what is the release of water vapor from a plant's leaves known as?
- transpiration
- what percentage of the earth is carbon dioxide?
- 0.03%
- What process allows plants to change carbon dioxide into food molecules?
- photsynthesis
- what is the study of similar structures in related organisms known as?
- homology
- which structures do fish and humans have similar in early development?
- gill slits
- which organ allows apes to digest plant materials?
- cecum
- What is direct evidence of evolution?
- DDT-resistant flies
- what is not a part of Darwin's theory of evolution?
- that traits acquired by parents are passed directly to offspring
- What would Darwin say that explains why the present day horse is larger than its ancestors?
- Larger horses survived better than shorter ones, so they had more offspring
- What is the fact that individuals of species are not exactly alike known as?
- variation
- What two names did Linnaeus use when developing his binomial nomenclature?
- genus, species
- What is Felis leo in the animal's name?
- genus
- What language is used to name animals?
- latin
- What level of classification indicates the most ancient ancestry?
- class
- What is the order of leveld of classification of animals?
-
Kingdom
Phylum
class
order
family
genus
species - What are the names of singled cell organisms that have no nucleus?
- monera
- What kingdom do amboeba, euglena, and paramecium all belong to?
- protista
- What organism moves using the cilia?
- paramecium
- doubling a penny every day for a month is an example of what?
- geometric growth
- How old is the earth according to the fixity of species?
- 7,000 years