history
Terms
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- Roman Dictators
- Most famous Cincinnatus; only 6 months and only during a difficult war
- Helots
- Slaves
- Polytheism
- Believing in more than one god; Egyptians, Indians, Chinese, and Romans were polytheistic
- Hunter-gather societies
- Developed language, art, and religion; Migrated-helped people learn to adapt; made clothes; spread to India, China, South East Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East; New tools- hooks, fishing spears, bow and arrow, canoes, and pottery;
- Tribunes
- Elected by Plebeians had the right to veto laws
- Woman's rights in Athens
- Least of all of Greece; almost none
- Nile
- River in Egypt; Nile gave life to the Egyptian desert; Biannual flooding; longest river in the world (Over 4000 Mi. long) Had cataracts or rapids; provided fertile soil
- Early tools
- Hooks, fishing spears, bow and arrow, canoes, and pottery
- Paul's letters
- converted Christians; spread Christianity
- Democracy
- A government where all participate directly in the government; a government in which the people rule; Cleisthenes created the world's first democracy
- Legions
- Organized group of up to 5 or 6,000 soldiers. Each legion was divided into centuries or groups of 100 soldiers
- Fresco
- Roman painting with water colors on plaster
- 1st Democratic constitution
- Cleisthenes came up with it; overthrew the aristocracy; citizen participate
- Han dynasty and center of Chinese society
- started out at a peasant rebellion; confusion official government policy; peasants 2nd highest rank
- Scribe
- Writers; kept track or items people traded and wrote down government records; scribes could social class; wrote literature, stories, proverbs, songs; wrote poems about gods and military victories; created epics, longs poems that tell stories of heroes
- First Kushian pharaoh
- Piankhi
- Greek mythological heroes
- Theseus: traveled to Crete killed Minotaur; Jason: sailed across seas in search of great treasure; Hercules: most famous, fought many monsters, performed nearly impossible tasks
- Irrigation
- A way of supplying water to an area of land; Mesopotamia invented it for the Tigris and Euphrates River
- Persian religion
- Zoroastrianism
- First Empire
- Samaria
- Indian Caste
- 1: Brahmanism or Priests 2: Kshatriyas or Rulers and Warriors 3: Vaisyans or Commoners, Farmers, Craftsmen, and Traders 4: Sudras or Laborers and Servants The caste system was family based and you could not move up a class
- Adrianople
- Battle of the Goths VS. Rome; Goths won because they had better weapons, and iron stirrups; 378 AD
- Embalming
- Developed to preserve bodies and keep the link between the body and the spirit; wrapped in cloth and were called mummies
- Famous Byzantine Emperor
- Justinian
- Diaspora
- "Scattering of the Jews outside of Caanan," Persians took over and allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem. Some did not return; however, and settled in other parts of the Persian empire
- Consuls
- Head officials; 2 for a 1 year term; magistrates
- Delta
- A Triangular shaped piece of land at the mouth of the Nile river; in lower Egypt that has the most fertile land
- Neolithic Era
- New Stone age; Began as early as 10,000 years ago in Middle East, Ended about 5,000 years ago as Egypt and the Middle East toolmakers began to use metal
- Roman Republic
- 509 BC elected officials ran the city; protected of anyone staying too long; Consuls; Senate; Tribunes; Checks and balances; written laws; forum
- Hatshepsut
- "Bearded Lady;" encouraged trade and used the profits to support the arts and architecture
- The three parts of the Roman Republic
- Magistrates; senate; assembly and Tribunes
- Aryans
- They took over a group called the Harappans; came to control the Ganges River; Spoke sanskirt; Social class: 1: Brahmanism or Priests 2: Kshatriyas or Rulers and Warriors 3: Vaisyans or Commoners, Farmers, Craftsmen, and Traders 4: Sudras or Laborers and Servants The caste system was family based and you could not move up a class
- Dynasty
- Menes founded the first dynasty; a series of rulers from the same family; 1st dynasty; a series or rulers from the same family
- Diocletian
- Divided the empire because it was too large for one person to rule
- Egypt VS. Kush
- Egypt and Kush were trading partners; Egypt feared Kush would get too powerful; attacked and Kush was under their control for 450 years then revolted and Kush became the central power system
- Mountains of Italy
- Alps and Apennines
- Trojan War
- Iliad was the epic poem written about it; cause by the Trojans taken Helen who was known for her beauty
- Specialization
- Mesopotamia developed this; A division of labor; Potter, Weavers, and Metal work were the first few
- Judah's conqueror
- Chaldeans; Babylonians; Persians
- Ashurbanipal
- Assyria's most famous ruler; created the world's first library
- Rosetta Stone
- Was written in three languages: Hieroglyphics, A later form of writing from Egyptians, and Greek; It helped crack early Egyptian hieroglyphics
- Socrates
- A teacher that taught by asking questions; came up with the Socratic method; believed knowledge was sacred
- Homer's Poems
- Iliad and Odyssey
- Fall of the roman empire
- Too big; high taxes; no one to farm the land because too many people were in the army; corruption
- Mesopotamian Advances
- New farming techniques; irrigation and canals; specialization in job occupations; potters, weavers, and metal work; armies; walled cities; system of writing (cuneiform); wheel, sewers, math, and science; architecture, art,
- New Persian Capitol
- Persepolis
- Republic
- Created in Rome in 509BC; a government in which elected officials ran the city
- Obelisk
- An Egyptian building; a tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed at the top
- Etruscan contributions
- Temples; sewers; phases; shoes
- Egyptian Empire
- The New Kingdom was the only point in time that Egypt was an empire; didn't last for long
- First Emperor
- Sargon I
- Battle of Marathon
- last battle between Greece and Persia; First Marathon was ran
- Pharaoh
- The head of all Egypt ruled as both king and god; first pharaoh was Menes
- Phoenician travel
- Ceder logs which made boats and harbors; access to the sea for trade
- Constantinople
- New capitol of Rome no power remained in Western Rome
- Shadoof
- Clay pot or leather bag system of dipping water out of the Nile to use as irrigation
- Location of the Minoans
- The Island of Crete on the Mediteranean Sea
- Fall of the Romans
- Too large; Too many people needed for the army; not a lot of farm land; Disease and high taxes; invasions in Rome
- Jewish holy books
- Torah; Commentaries; Dead Sea Scrolls; Hebrew Bible
- Kush's downfall
- Loss of resource (Cattle overgrazed land, leaving nothing to hold the soil down and allowing it to be blown away); Iron makers used up the forests near Meroe; Military power declined when weapons were not produced
- Agora
- Ancient Greece's marketplace
- Qin Military
- Unified China; always had the army prepared for war
- Gospels
- Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John told about Jesus's life
- Romance languages
- Latin developed into many languages French
- Famous Jewish women
- Queen Esther, Judge Deborah; Miriam
- Ziggurat
- A Pyramid-shaped temple tower, rose above each city
- Hittite Advances
- Iron working (Strongest weapons of the time); Chariots
- Aeneas
- Trace history back to this Trojan; Aeneid was an epic poem written by Virgil about him; Formed alliance with Latin
- Cuneiform
- Summarian's system of writing; used clay tablets and a stylus; used to keep business records, write books, history, poems, and math
- Rosetta Stone
- Was written in three languages: Hieroglyphics, A later form of writing from Egyptians, and Greek; It helped crack early Egyptian hieroglyphics
- Crucifixion
- A type of execution in which a person was nailed to the cross; normally died from asphyxiation
- Unified Egypt
- Menes unified Egypt by marrying a lower Egyptian princess; Pharaohs were in charge of the unified kingdom; Start of the old, middle, and new kingdom
- Hammurabi
- Babylon's king and greatest monarch, or ruler of a kingdom; Brilliant war leader who brought all of Mesopotamia into his Babylonian empire; Oversaw Building and irrigation projects and improved the tax system; Hammurabi's code was a set of 282 laws he created that dealt with almost every part of daily life- (Prisons, Royal Judges, Innocent till proven guilty)
- Patricians
- Almost all political power; rich powerful people of rome
- Disciples
- Followers; 12 apostles
- Inoculation
- Injecting a small amount of disease so your system can become immune to it; This is an Indian Contributions
- Pyramids
- built as tombs for the pharaoh; displayed amazing engineering; built because the Egyptians wanted the spirits to be happy
- Mycenaean wealth
- violent in trade; took over Crete; shipped goods over Mediterranen
- Battle of Salamis
- One on the major turning points was the Greeks luring the Persian navy into Salamis where the more maneuverable Greek shops destroyed the Persian Navy
- Phalanx
- A group of soldiers in a square with spears overlapping; a fighting technique Macedonia used
- Jesus's birth
- Born in Bethlehem; studied carpentry and Judaism
- Veto
- Prohibit a law; the Tribunes and consuls could veto, or prohibit the laws in Rome
- Hieroglyphics
- Egyptian writing system; written with brushes and ink on Papyrus which is a long-lasting, paper-like material made from reeds
- Satrap
- An official that was in charge of controlling the city's helots or slaves; and perioci; or traders and merciants
- Forum
- Rome's public meeting place; the heart of Roman society; where written laws were kept; popular meeting place where citizens could shop, chat, and gossip
- Moses
- led the Hebrews to Canaan; demanded the pharaoh to free his people; plagues; 10 commandments given to him by GOD
- Pax Romana
- Roman Peace for 200 years
- Roman Invaders
- Huns; Goths; Barbarians
- River of Rome
- Tiber River
- Empire
- A land with different territories and people under a single rule
- Weath of Kush
- Traded with Egypt the took over Egypt and became trading power; rich because of iron and wood; Menroe the capital became the center of trading network
- Hyksos
- attacked in 1750 BC which started the Middle kingdom which was a time of disorder; Ahmose of Thebes declared himself kind and drove the Hyksos out; This began the new kingdom
- Indian Caste System
- 1: Brahmanism or Priests 2: Kshatriyas or Rulers and Warriors 3: Vaisyans or Commoners, Farmers, Craftsmen, and Traders 4: Sudras or Laborers and Servants The caste system was family based and you could not move up a class
- Parts of the Bible
- Old Testament; New Testament
- Athenian Tyrant
- Peisistratus
- Plebeians
- common people of Rome
- Menes
- Menes rose to power in upper Egypt and unified the two kingdoms by taking control of Lower Egypt and by marrying a Lower Egyptian Princess; 1st Pharaoh; 1st dynasty
- Siddhartha Gautama
- Young Prince "Enlightened one" developed Buddhism; he is buddah
- Zhou Philosophy
- Confucius: order in society comes from moral values or ethics; Daoism: Live in harmony with guiding force; Leigalism: society needs strict laws to keep people in line
- Hellenistic Age
- Alexander the Great started it; it means Greek-Like
- Julius Caesar
- Partnership with Pompey and Craissus; after 10 years Caesar is dictator; Brutus killed Caesar
- Octavian
- Avenged Caesars death; became the 2nd sole ruler
- Oligarchy
- A government in which only a few people held power. In Athens the Aristocrats held the oligarchy power
- Polis
- A Greek City-state; independent city-states; made for protection and security; started in Greek's dark age
- Age Sparta began military training
- 7
- Spartan Life
- Dominated by military; kids started training at 7 were full time army at 30 and citizens, stayed in the army til 60; women had the most rights; ruled by 2 Kings and had Satraps
- The Punic wars
- 3; fought against Carthage
- Saul
- 1st Israelite king
- Two parts of Egypt
- Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
- Jewish holidays
- Hanukah; Pass over; High holy days (Rosh hashonah, Yom Kippur)
- Immortals
- A part of the Persian army; composed of 10,000 soldiers chosen for their bravery and skill
- Mesopotamia
- On the Tigris and Euphrates river; means "Between the Rivers," in Greek; on the fertile crescent; Specialization- Potters, Weavers, and Metal Work; world's first advance society; city-states; strong armies; walled cities; Ziggurat; Upper class, Middle class, and lower class; Polytheistic; Social order (Kings, Priest, Skilled Craftspeople, farmers and laborers, Slaves); Men held political power; first system of writing; scribes; wheel and sewers; math and science; Babylon; Hittites and Kassites, Assyrians, Chaldeans (Hanging Gardens and astronomy; Ponenicians all attacked Mesopataimia
- Cleisthenes
- World's first democratic constitution; father of democracy
- Savior of the Twins
- She wolf
- Monotheism
- The worship of one God; Jews and Christians are monotheistic
- Locations of the Indus River Valley
- Located in present day Pakistan
- Immortals
- A group of 10,000 men that were chosen for their skill and bravery
- Papyrus
- A long-lasting, Paper-like material made from reeds; Egyptians wrote Hieroglyphics on it with brushes and ink
- Plato
- Socrates student; created the school, the academy; wrote the Republic which is a book that he wrote about the ideal society
- Sumerian Writing
- Cuneiform; involved using a sharp tool called a stylus; represent syllables; wrote on clay tablets
- Founders of Rome
- Remus and Romulus
- Delian League
- Greece City-states of Athens and Sparta joined alliance with each other called this
- New farming techniques
- Grew plants and raised animals; Domestication- the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans; plants seeds; Irrigation (Mesopotamia), Canals (Mesopotamia)
- Rise of the Persian Empire
- Became and empire under Cyrus the Great; Won independence from Medes; People kept customs which kept people from rebelling