A/S 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Where do you give a horse an IV injection?
- In the right jugular vein (side opposite to esophagus) in case of tissue reaction.
- When giving a horse an IV injection into the jugular what could signify that you're in the carotid instead?
- The blood keeps on flowing from the hub. It stops when you're in the jugular.
- What drugs are used in horses for sedation & standing chemical restraint?
- Acepromazine, alpha2 agonist - either alone or in combination.
- Characteristics of using acepromazine in horses.
- Onset is 15-20 mns, duration ~90 mns. May result in the horses inability to retract penis, leading to paraphimosis.
- What are 2 alpha2 agonists used in horses?
- Xylazine, detomidine (dormosedan).
- What are the effects of ace & alpha2 agonists on the horse?
- Sedation, analgesia, skelatal muscle relaxation - head hangs down, lips & eyelids droop.
- What do you use sedation & standing chemical restraint in horses for?
- Minor surgery.
- What is field anesthesia?
- Using injectables to achieve light general anesthesia with recumbency.
- What drugs do you use for field anesthesia in horses?
- Xylazine followed by ketamine. You may also administer Guaifenesin, diazepam & butorphanol - but give after xylazine & before ketamine.
- Where would you place a horse when using field anesthesia?
- A flat surface, with good footing, clean, free from hazards, noise & traffic.
- What are guaifenesin's properties?**
- Muscle relaxant; smooths induction & recovery; given by IV infusion; reconstituted as 5% or 10% concentration in 5% dextrose.
- What precautions should you take when anesthetizing a horse?
- Use soft lead rope; hold horse's head up to avoid hitting ground; place towel under head & over eyes; knell on horses neck behind to head to prevent sudden lifting; stay of opposite side of legs; up leg caudal, down leg cranial.
- How do you monitor a horses anesthetic depth?
- **Strong palpebral & corneal reflexes will be present; monitor pulse, resp, muscle tension, alert vet to increases; spontneous eyelid movement & nystagmus often present.
- What should you do for the horse during recovery?
- Provide plenty of time in sternal position; do not stimulate; support head w/ halter & rope; don't stand in front of horse; don't try to support horse's body from side.
- When would you use inhalant anesthesia for a horse?
- For a procedure that lasts longer than 30 mns or requiring dorsal recumbency.
- What do you need to do to a horse before inhalantion induction?
- Rinse the oral cavity to remove food particles.
- What inhalant equipment is needed for a horse? Size bags
-
Mechanical ventilator; <300lbs needs 5L bag; >300lbs needs 15-30L bag;
24-30mm trach tubes - Do you use a laryngoscope to tube a horse?
- No, it's blind.
- What can you do to prevent post-procedural myopathy?
- Use 6+ inches of padding under dorsal surface; prevent extreme abduction (lat movement) of legs; in lateral recum use padding to keep 'up' legs parallel to floor.
- What type of monitoring do you use for horses in anesthesia?
- Blood pressure (catheter in metatarsal, facial or auricular artery); capnography (measures CO2, from gas in trach tube)
- What position is most cattle surgery done in?
- Standing, using sedation, local analgesia and physical restraint.
- What are 3 concerns with cows during anesthesia?
- Bloat, reguritation & aspiration (they have excessive salivation).
- What can you do to decrease regurgitation in cows?
- Need a cuffed endotrach tube & keep head & mouth lower than neck in lateral recumbency.
- What can you do to decrease bloat in cows?
- Fast for 48 hours before. If it occurs, place in sternal recumbency and trocarization may be necessary.
- What can be done to decrease the amount of salivation in cows?
- Atropine in contraindicated - it thickens secretion but doesn't significantly decrease the amount.
- What is used for sedating cows?
- Xylazine & acepromazine.
- Do you use more or less xylazine in cows than in horses?
- Much less - it's 1/10. Cattle are very sensitive.
- What induction agents do you use in cows?
- Ketamine, telazol & thiopental.
- Do you usually need to use a sedative with cows?
- No, recoveries are not rough.
- What maintenance agents do you use with cows?
- Triple drip of guaifenesin/ketamine/xylazine mixture. Inhalants.
- When do you extubate a cow?
- When swallowing reflex returns.
- What large animal is sensitive to Alpha-2 agonists?
- Small ruminants - us xylazine.
- What are some challenges with swine for anesthesia?
- They have few accessible veins; thick body fat - need 1.5" needle for IM injection; difficult to restrain.
- Where do you give swine an IM injection?
- Caudal to ear, 2" off midline.
- What anesthestic drugs do you use in swine?
- Acepromazine/morphine; medetomidine/butorphanol; TKX.
- Is intubation easy or difficult in swine?
- Difficult, because of the anatomy of the larynx and the inability to visualize.
- What can inhalant anesthetics cause in swine?
- Porcine stress syndrome/malignant hyperthermia.
- What's the most commonly used local anesthetic used in large animals?
- Lidocaine
- What are some toxic reactions in large animals when using lidocaine?
- CNS effects (restlessness, twitching, seizures, unconsciousness); circulatory effects (bradycardia, hypotension).
- What can you do to reduce lidocaine toxicity?
- Limit the total dose & add vasoconstrictors (epinephrine, phenylephrine) to delay absorption.
- How is lidocaine administered to large animals?
- Topical, Inverted L infiltration, Nerve blocks, Regional nerve blocks, IV regional anesthesia, caudal epidural.