Microbiology - Exam 2

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example of aerobe: Humans, Mycobacterium

(requires oxygen gas for metabolism)
example of anaerobe: - anaerobic metabolism in animal tissue(fermentation)
- bacteriods in large intestine

(doesn't require oxygen gas for metabolism)
example of obligate anaerobe: Clostridium

(doesn't require oxygen gas for metabolism, it is detrimental)
example of facultative anaerobe: E. coli

(can exist without oxygen gas but uses it when present)
example of microaerophile: Helicobacter pylori

(uses oxygen but grows best at lower than atmosheric levels of oxygen gas)
Hetero: organic carbon source
Auto (concerning energy gathering by microbes): inorganic carbon source
most common microbe examples of:: Chemoheterotroph

- humans
- E. coli
List some inorganics used for energy: - sulfur
- iron
- ammonia
example of a chemoautotroph: Nitrosomonas
example of photoautotrophs: -plants
-diatoms
-cyanobacteria (bluegreen algae)
example of photoheterotrophs: - green nonsulfur bacteria
- purple nonsulfur bacteria
Five classifications of Prokaryotes:: 1. Cell shape and Arrangement
2. Colony Morphology
3. Differential Staining Response
4. Energy and C source
5. Serology (study of blood serum, examines antibodies)
basic cell shapes:: - bacillus
- coccus
- spiral
intermediate shapes:: - coccobacillus
- vibriod
variability in shape: pleomorphic
example of a pleomorphic bacteria:: Corynebacterium diptheriae
population of microbes assumed to have grown from cfu on solid nutrient medium: colony
1 cfu =: single microbial cell unless characteristically found in clusters or chains
Four colony characteristics:: 1. Color
2. Margin
3. Elevation
4. Smooth or Rough
Hemolytic bacteria causing partial breakdown.: Alpha hemolytic

ex) Alpha hemolytic Strep (tooth abscess)
Hemolytic bacteria causing complete breakdown.: Beta hemolytic

ex) beta hemolytic Strep
Three enzymes involved in bacterial energy: 1. Hemolysin
2. Lipase
3. Amylase
In a plate with triglyceride, a microbe with lipase:: dissolves the triglyceride out of the agar to use for energy
example of microbes pos. and neg. for lipase: neg. - Salmonella

pos. - Pseudomonas
In test for amylase (starch digestion):: iodine reacts and turns blue.
examples of microbes that can't use starch:: - Streptococcus
- Staphylococcus
examples of microbes that can use starch:: - Bacillus
Indicator color concerning acid production by microbes:: - acid production - red indicator
- no acid production - yellow indicator
test to tell apart many of the facultative anaerobic bacteria of family Enterobacteriaceae: IMViC
examples of microbes from family Enterobacteriaceae: - Escherichia
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Klebsiella
- Enterobacter
study of blood serum: serology
locations of antigens: - can be part of cell wall
- can be glycocalyx
- can be flagella
- can be toxins secreted by microbes
O antigen H antigen K antigen: lipopolysaccharide antigen

flagellin antigen antigen

capsular antigen antigen
another name for strains: serovars or biovars
Use presence of unique flagellin protein on ______ flagella to identify _______: - E. coli
- 0157:H7
When first identified, thought to be poison: viruses
- could pass through a filter that trapped known microbes - one of the first isolated was crystallized: viruses
example of virus: Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Noncellular infectious agent. Too small to be seen with Light Microscopy: Virus
capable of causing disease: Infectious agent
Each infectious agent =: Virion or Viral Particle
E. coli is ____x (or more) bigger than the avg. virus: 100x
use what unit of measurement to describe size of viruses?: nanometer
What two groups of viruses look identical?: - Picornaviruses (18-30nm)

- Reoviruses (70nm)
Example of viruses within Picornaviruses (3): 1. common cold virus (Rhinovirus)
2. polio virus (Enterovirus)
3. Hepatitis A (Hepatovirus)
Example of Reovirus: Rotavirus - cause of GI upset
Viral Characteristics (2): - Noncellular
- Obligate Intracellular Parasites
Viral Components (2): - Nucleic Acid
- Capsid
Viruses have _____ nucleic acid(s): Only one
Variations of viral nucleic acid: - dsDNA
- ssDNA
- dsRNA
- ssRNA
Variations of viral nucleic acid shape: - linear
- circular
- segmented
Protein covering that surrounds the nucleic acid: Capsid
_______ are why viruses can be crystallized like facets on a gem crystal: Capsids
What are the 3 varieties in capsid shape?: 1. Helical
2. Polyhedral
3. Complex
Elongate, slender, thread-like virus: Helical virus
Examples of Helical virus (2): - Tobacco Mosaic Virus
- Ebola Virus
20 sided polyhedral virus: icosahedral
example of icosahedral virus: Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Cause of condyloma acuminata, One associated with cervical cancer HPV16, also genital warts: Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
This is a variation of polyhedral and helical and other shapes as well.: Complex virus
Is a virus that attacks bacteria = bacteriophage or phage: Complex virus
refers to the nucleic acid of a virus and it's capsid: nucleocapsid
Two extra components found in some virus: - envelopes
- enzymes not found in host cells
Simple viral envelope composition: 1. lipids
2. or lipids & proteins
a. may find some CHO's
More complex viral envelopes: 1. find spikes of protein or glycoprotein
example of virus with complex viral envelope: influenza virus
Examples of viral enzymes: - Reverse transcriptase
- HIV (retrovirus)
Early classification of viruses included _______ ________: target tissues
Viruses that target the skin: Dermatropic
Viruses that target the nervous tissue: Neurotropic
Viruses that target WBCs and Lymphatics: Lymphotropic
Newer classification of viruses includes: (4 common, 2 less common): - nucleic acid
- capsid
- whether enveloped
- size

less common
- geographic location
- shape
use limited nomenclature with viruses because?: they're not alive
Classification of viruses occurs mostly at the _______ level: family

- ending w/ idae
Genus name ending of _______: - virus (italisize or underline)
example of common virus name: Cold sore virus
Cold sore virus Family Genus Final name: - Herpes viridae
- Simplexvirus
- Human Herpes Virus 1 (HHV1)
Breakdown of family name Picornaviridae: Pico - small
rna - RNA is nucleic acid
vir - virus
idae - is family ending
5 phases of the viral replication life cycle: 1. Adsorption/attachment
2. Penetration
3. Synthesis/biosynthesis
4. Maturation/assembly
5. Release
Viruses specific to host tissues, attaches to host protein receptor like lock & key: Adsorption
In this phase, the genetics of the virus enter the cell and are released.: Penetration
Two means of viral Penetration: 1. Fusion (aka Envelope Fusion)
2. Endocytosis
In the envelope is the viral antigen, when antigen contacts the receptor lipids merge (envelope and cell membrane): Fusion/ Envelope Fusion
Host cell brings viral particle in and digests away its capsid - host cell pinches in its membrane to bring particle into cell - virus ends in vessel or vacuole, and capsid digestion occurs - capsid breaks down (uncoating) releasing the nu: Endocytosis (occurs with naked virus)
In this phase the viral nucleic acid takes over the cell and tells the cell to make more viruses.: Synthesis/Biosynthesis
- The virions are formed inside the host cell. - The capsomeres forming a capsid around the viral nucleic acid: Maturation (Assembly)
The virions are released from the host cell usually by one of two means: Release
Two means of Release: 1. Rapid lysis
2. Budding
Host cell deteriorates and all virions are loose: Rapid lysis

(associated with cell death)
Virions approach cell membrane and push through it.: Budding

(doesn't necessarily cause cell death, depends on number released at one time)
- Virus penetrates and goes into an equilibrium with host - May not cause host cell damage - May be years before cycle completes if ever: Latent Viral Infection
Example of Latent Viral Infection: Herpesvirus
- persistent viral infection - occurs gradually over long time, perhaps building up over decades - can see changes in numbers of infectious viral particles: Slow Virus Infection
Example of Slow Virus Infection: Measles virus
Virus were first associated with cancer in what case?: Chickens with leukemia, and sarcoma
What was the viral cause in mice?: Adrenocarcinoma of mammary tissue
Cancer of the connective tissue: Sarcoma
Cancer of the epithelial tissue: Carcinoma
Adrenocarcinoma: cancer of glandular epithelium
________ are part of normal host cell genetics.: Oncogenes
Factors which can triggered abnormalities in oncogenes: - Radiation
- Mutagenic (carcinogenic) chemicals
- viruses (Oncovirus)
Causes of _______ ? - Cancer cell transformation - Cell shape changes, nucleus appears different with strange chromosomes - See new proteins added to cell membranes - (Tumor Specific Transplantation Antigen) or nucleus (T antige: triggered Oncogene
Viruses associated with cancer in humans (2): - Epstein Barr Virus (Type of Herpesvirus) associated w/ nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- Papillomavirus associated w/ cervical cancer
Viral cultivation methods (3): - Living animal hosts
- Embryonated eggs
- Cell culture
Living animal hosts method adv. and disadv.: - Study the immune system responses to the virus
- Not all animals can contract human viruses, cannot be grown this way (also labor intensive and expensive)
- Use of fertile eggs w/ fetal chick or duck - Drill hole inject virus on membranes around the chick/duck - After virus grows, will see lesions called plaques on membrane - harvest these: Embryonated culture
Advantages of embryonated eggs method: - less expensive, more convenient than animals

- Can grow relatively large amounts of viruses
Disadvantages of embryonated eggs: - Must keep entire area sterile, to prevent other microbes from incubating
- When harvesting may contaminate with egg protein, problem if people have allergies to eggs (or feathers)
- Grows cells of tissue in a nutrient medium in a shallow dish like a Petri dish - Normal cells divide until a layer of single cells is formed across the bottom of dish (called a monolayer) - Inoculate the monolayer with the viruses - May: Cell culture
Advantages of cell culture: - easiest means of cultivating viruses, requiring the least amount of space, no egg incubators/ animal eggs
- Less chance of allergic reaction since using human tissue
Disadvantages of cell culture: - Not all human tissues can be grown in cell culture
- Must still keep area sterile and use aseptic
- Not all tissues can be grown indefinitely from one harvest of tissue
Won't last well in labs (last ~ 2 weeks): Primary lines
Grow well in labs (must be of living fetus, last 2 weeks): Fetal lines
Potential unlimited line (line from woman 1951 still used today): Cancer cell line
Defense that works the same against any kind of invading pathogen: Nonspecific defense
- Defined as body resistance associated with our portals of entry - Portals of entry are places microbes use to gain access to our body: First Line of Defense (FLOD)
3 subcategories of FLOD: - Mechanical Defense
- Chemical Defense
- Biological Defense
Defense that physically blocks or entraps particles: Mechanical defenses
Parts of _______ - Intact dry skin - Ciliated Mucous Membrane in Respiratory area - Tears - Earwax (cerumen) - vomiting/diarrhea: Mechanical defense
Use general chemical to kill microbes: Chemical defenses
Examples of _______ - Stomach Acid - Acidic Vaginal Secretions: Chemical defenses
- resident microbes in and on certain places of the body.: Biological defenses
Biological microbes commonly found in (3 places of body): - skin
- nasal passages
- large bowels
microbes adapted to exist in various parts of the body: Resident Flora
example of Biological defense resident flora: - E. coli
Two parts of SLOD: - Inflammation
- Phagocytosis
4 cardinal signs and symptoms of tissue damage: Swollen
Heat
And
Redness
Pain
Itch sometimes
Causes of inflammation: - increased permeability of blood vessels (capillaries)
- increased blood flow by vasodilation
- pain(itch) from trigger of local neurons
Method of body's response to damage: - Damaged cells and local WBC's release chemical messengers that alert local blood vessels and neurons
Examples of chemical messengers (2): - histamines (from WBC)
- prostaglandins (from damaged cells)
Advantages of inflammation: - swelling allows defensive chemicals and cells to escape the bloodstream (antibodies, clotting agents, WBC's)

- heat and redness - increased blood brings more oxygen, nutrients to damaged cell

- pain alerts you that you have hurt yourself so stop doing it
All WBCs except _______ do phagocytosis: lymphocytes
________ is usually first on scene of infection. _________ usually arrive second on the scene.: neutrophil, monocytes
If infection persists more chemical signals are released that trigger the Red Bone Marrow to start producing even more WBC's. This is called _________: Leukocytosis
Transfer of genes by a virus: Transduction
Transfer of genes as "naked" DNA in solution: Transformation
example of bacteria that underwent transformation: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Transfer of genetic material via cell-to-cell contact: Conjugation
Examples of bacteria which use Sporolation: - Bacillus
- Clostridium
Three methods of measuring numbers of bacteria: 1. Waterblank
2. Petroff-Heusser Counting cell
3. Turbidometer
Problems with Waterblank: takes day to get results
range of colonies for waterblank: 30-300
TFTC - TNTC
problem with Petroff-Heusser counting cell: can't tell dead bacteria from living. Eye strain
Problem with turbidometer: counts dead bacteria (they also block light
Viral diseases of the Lower Respiratory system: - Viral Pneumonia
- RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
- Influenza
Causative agent of ________ - mycoplasmal pneumonia - Can be complication of influenza, measles, or pneumonia: Viral Pneumonia
Cause of _______ - Respiratory Syncytial Virus: RSV, respiratory disease in INFANTS
Symptoms of ________ - coughing - wheezing for more than a week: RSV
Prevention of RSV: - Naturally aquired immunity is poor
- Protective vaccines being developed
Treatment for RSV: - Antiviral ribavirin reduces symptoms for sever patients
Causative agent of _______ - Influenzavirus: Influenza
Symptoms of Influenza: - chills
- fever
- headache
- muscular aches
Prevention of Influenza: - No vaccine
Causative agent of Mumps: Mumps virus
Symptoms of Mumps: - swelling of one or both parotid glands 16-18 days after exposure
- fever
- pain during swallowing
Prevention of Mumps: - vaccine available
Causative agent of Hep. A: - HAV, ssRNA (no envelope)
Symptoms of Hep. A: - usually none, fever, headache, malaise, jaundice
Prevention of Hep. A: - no vaccines, immune globulin provides temp. protection
Causative agent of Hep. B: - HBV, dsDNA (envelope)
Symptoms of Hep. B: - usually none, fever, likely to cause severe liver damage
Prevention of Hep. B: - Genetically engineered vaccine
Causative agent of Hep. C: - HCV, ssRNA (envelope)
Symptoms of Hep. C: - like HBV, but likely to become chronic
Prevention of Hep. C: - None
Causative agent of Hep. D: - HDV, ssRNA (envelope)
Symptoms of Hep. D: - Severe liver damage. Increased mortality rate
Prevention of Hep. D: - HBV vaccine protective
Causative of Hep. E: - HEV ssRNA (no envelope)
Symptoms of Hep. E: - like HAV/ but pregnant women have increased mortality
Prevention of Hep. E: - none (under development)
Epidemiology of Genital Herpes: ~ 44 million in U.S. have HSV-2
~ 4 million in U.S. have HSV-1
Epidemiology of Genital Warts: ~ 1 million new cases / year

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