AP History Semester Exam (DeSmet Faction)
Terms
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- Allah
- one true God of Islam
- Islam
- religion founded by Muhammad; word means "submission"
- Dar al-Islam
- "house of Islam"; Islamic empire
- Mecca
- holy city of Islam; birthplace of Muhammad
- Quran
- holy book of Islam; compilations of works spoken by the Angel Gabriel to Muhammad
- Hadith
- sayings of Muhammad
- Medina
- originally Yathrib; changed to Medina meaning "city of the prophet"; beginnings of Islam
- Hijra
- Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina in 622
- Umma
- Islamic term for "community of the faithful"
- Seal of the Prophets
- name for Muhammad being the final prophet
- Ka'ba
- main shrine of Mecca
- Five Pillars of Islam
-
foundations of Islam
1. profession of faith
2. prayer
3. fast during Ramadan
4. alms giving
5. hajj - Caliph
- Islamic leader after the death of Muhammad
- Umayyad
- first dynasty of Islam; ruled from 661-750
- Shia
- believers in the leadership of Ali's line; minority
- Abbasid
- powerful Islamic dynasty; ruled from 750-1258
- Ulama
- scholars who shaped public policy in accordance with the Quran and the Sharia
- Qadis
- Islamic judges
- Sultan
- Saljuq ruler
- caravanserai
- inns offering lodging for caravan merchants
- Al-Andalus
- prosperity of Islamic Spain
- Cordoba
- capital city of Al-Andalus
- Sufis
- Islamic mystic missionaries
- Hajj
- pilgrimage to Mecca
- Jizya
- tax in Islamic imposed on non-Muslims
- Madrasas
- Islamic institutions of higher education
- Muhammad
- founder of Islam; final prophet of Allah; was given the words of the Quran by Angel Gabriel
- Abu Bakr
- first caliph after the death of Muhammad
- Ali
- supported by Shias to be caliph; served and was assassinated
- Abu Al-Abbas
- first ruler of the Abbasids; defeated Ummayads with the help of Shias and non-Muslims
- Harun al-Rashid
- ruler at the high point of Abbasid empire; distributed money and supported the arts
- Al-Gahzali
- sufi; believed that human reason was too frail and confusing
- Omar Khayyam
- writer influenced by Persian literature; wrote quatrains
- Ibn Rushd
- caliph of Cordoba; turned to Aristotle
- Grand Canal
- connected North and South China; built by Sui Yangdi
- equal-field system
- a system of giving out land equally and fairly according to need
- fast-ripening rice
- rice that could be grown twice a year
- foot binding
- women's feet were bound to keep them small and under male control
- chinaware
- porcelain products only made in China
- movable type
- allowed people to draw money from banks
- "flying cash"
- checks
- Chan Buddhists
- Buddhism related to Chinese culture
- Neo-Confucianism
- mixture of Buddhism and Confucianism
- Silla dynasty
- Korean dynasty
- Kumsong
- capital of Silla empire
- Nara Japan
- period when Japanese govenment was modeled on Tang Dynasty
- Heian Japan
- period when Japanese rulers were figureheads and not rulers
- Tale of Genji
- book that reflected meditation
- samurai
- warriors who served the emperor
- bushido
- way of the warrior
- seppuku
- ritual suicide by disembowlment; also called hara-kiri
- shogun
- military rulers that ruled in place of an emperor
- Xuanzang
- helped establish Chan Buddhism
- Yang Jian
- Duke of Sui Dynasty
- Sui Yangdi
- founded Sui dynasty; built Grand Canal
- Tang Taizong
- ruler of Tang; rought stability to China
- An Lushan
- led a revolt; captured both capitals; killed by army
- Huang Cho
- led series of revolts
- Du Fu
- final Tang emperor; abdicated throne
- Song Taizu
- fist Song emperor; fired generals for easier rise to power
- Zhu Xi
- philosopher; taught li and qi; wrote Family Rituals
- Murasaki Shikibu
- wrote Tale of Genji
- Sind
- Indus river valley of Northwest India
- Ghaznavids
- groups of Turks who plundered and eventually ruled Nothern India
- Sultanate of Delhi
- Muhammad's sucessor; regained power; capital at Delhi
- Chola Kingdom
- South Indian kingdo that allowed regional rule
- Vijayanagar
- dominated South after Chola
- monsoons
- seasonal winds and rains
- dhows
- ships that carried up to 400 tons
- junks
- Arab boats
- Kingdom of Axum
- replaced Kush as Indian trade partner
- Vishnu
- Hindu god of fertility and protection
- Shiva
- Hindu god of death and fertility
- Bhakti
- religious movement that combined Hinduism and Islam
- Funan
- kingdom of Southeast Asia
- Srivijaya
- succeeded Funan kingdom but lost to Chola Kingdom
- Angkor
- large city; elaborate capital
- Melaka
- Islamic pirate lair
- Buzurg ibn Shahriyar
- Indian storyteller
- Harsha
- Buddhist; ruled over Lower Ganges Kingdom; allowed great freedom; temporary centralized government
- Mahmud of Gahzni
- led Turks into Afghanistan and India
- Harihara and Bukka
- Islamic misionaries sent to South India; foudned Vijayanagar Kingdom
- Shankara
- combined Hindu texts into one book; philosopher who taught about salvation
- Raminjua
- philosopher who challenged logic and taught salvation (diff view thatn Shankara)
- Guru Kabir
- wise man who taught values that helped to bridge religions
- Clovis
- leader of best Germanic tribe- the Franks
- Charles Martel
- founded Carolingians; most powerful in West
- Charlemange
- Martel's grandson; crowned Holy Roman Emperor; centralized rule
- Pope Leo III
- crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor
- Gregory of Tours
- wrote History of the Franks; Gallic bishop
- Louis the Pious
- Charlemange's son
- Alfred
- king of England; fought Vikings
- Otto I
- Otto of Saxony; started the Holy Roman Empire
- Pope Gregory I
- protected Church; made papacy great
- St. Benedict of Nursia
- strengthened monastcisim
- St. Scholastica
- spread monastic rules and adapted them for nuns
- Franks
- Germanic tribe
- Aachen
- capital of modern Germany
- missi dominici
- envoys of the local ruler
- Magyars
- invaded Carolingians from east
- Vikings
- Norse plunderers
- Holy Roman Empire
- neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an empire
- lords
- ruled over manors; had absolute power
- retainers
- protected lords and manors
- benefice
- usually land grant from lord to vassal signifying relationship
- manor
- estate that became popular; self-sufficient towns
- serf
- peasant in a manor
- fief
- a land grant from a lord to a vassal
- heavy plow
- plows used to work tougher land
- papacy
- pope's position and office
- monasticism
- order of monks
- Benedict's rule
- set of regulations for monasteries
- Tughril Beg
- second Saljuq sultan; reconquered Baghdad; took command of Abbasids
- Genghis Khan (Temujin)
- Mongol ruler; Mongolian conquest of Asia; laid foundation for empire; built capital at Karakorum
- Marco Polo
- European explorer; lived at Kublai Khan's court; recorded Mongol culture
- Kublai Khan
- consolidated Mongol rule in China; created Mongol culture; proclaimed Yuan dynasty; last prominent emperor
- Hulegu
- Mongol ruler; conquered SE Asia; first Ilkhanate of Persia
- Tamerland (Timur the Lame)
- spread Turkish Empire
- Osman
- Turkish sultan; founder of Ottoman Turks (independant)
- Sultan Mehmed II
- conquered Constantinople (1453)
- Turks
- migrants from Caspian Sea steppe
- yurts
- Mongol tent homes
- kumiss
- Mongol fermented milk drink
- shamans
- Mongol religious leaders; possessed divine power and invoked aid
- khan
- Mongol term for king
- Saljuq Turks
- Turkish group; beat Byzantines at Manzikert
- Manzikert
- Byzantine vs. Saljuq; Saljuqs won
- Karakorum
- Mongol capital
- Khanbaliq
- staging point fot campaings in China
- Changtai
- inherited Central Asia
- Golden Horde
- conquered and ruled Russia
- Yuan Dynasty
- Mongol dynasty in China
- Ilkhanate of Persia
- Mongol dynasty in Persia
- Laimist Buddhism
- Tibetian Buddhism; teaching of spiritual leaders
- Uighur Turks
- Turkish group that migrated into Asia
- bubonic plague
- from SW China; devastated populations in Europe and Asia
- Ottoman Turks
- group led by Osman
- Istanbul
- new name for Islamic-ruled Constantinople
- Sundiata
- founder of Mali Kingdom; the Lion Prince; established a cavalry army
- Mansa Musa
- Sundiata's grandnephew; ruled from 1312-1337; high point of Mali Kingdom
- Ibn Battuta
- Muslim qadi and explorer
- Ali ibn Muhammad
- leader of largest Zanj revolt; captured Basra
- griots
- professional singers and storytellers
- bananas
- a tropical fruit
- kin-based society
- system of organization in Africa before Islam
- chiefdom
- African ruling system centered around a chief
- Kingdom of Kongo
- central African state that began trading with Portuguese
- camels
- caravan beast of burden; quickened pace of trans-Saharan trade and communication
- Gao
- storyteller in W. Africa; talked about kin-based society
- Kingdom of Ghana
- kingdom in W. Africa during the 5th-13th century which eventually took over Axum
- Koumbi-Saleh
- capital of Kingdom of Ghana
- Mali Empire
- built by Sundiata; ruled almost all W. Africa; capital at Niani
- Swahili
- syncretism of Arabic and Bantu languages
- Kilwa
- busiest ports on African coast
- Zimbabwe
- "dwelling of a chief"; built large city of Great Zimbabwe
- age grades
- African society made age grades for all members born at the same time
- Zanj revolts
- blakc Swahili slaves staged several unsuccessful revolts
- diviners
- African class of spiritual individuals; essential priestly role
- Axum
- Christian kingdom on the Red Sea
- Pope John XII
- pope from 937-964
- Pope Gregory VII
- outlawed lay investiture
- Henry IV
- opposed pope's ruling on lay investiture
- Frederick Barbosa
- conquered Lombards
- Hugh Capet
- made Capetian France
- Duke William of Normandy (William the Conqueror)
- Norman conqueror of England (1066)
- King Louis IX
- St. Louis; fought Cathans; led a Crusade
- Eleanor of Aquitaine
- supported Troublous in Pontienus
- St. Thomas Aquinas
- most famous theologian; taught in Paris
- St. Dominic
- founded the Dominicans; combated materialism
- St. Francis
- founded Franciscans
- Pope Innocent III
- height of the papacy; still respected king's authority
- Eric the Red
- expaded Viking influence to Greenland
- Leif Ericsson
- first European to reach America; landed in Newfoundland
- Robert and Roger Guiscard
- conquered Italy and Sicily from the Muslims
- Pope Urban II
- started the Crusades
- Peter the Hermit
- led first attempt at reclaiming the Holy Land
- Saladin
- Arabian leader; reclaimed Jerusalem in 3rd Crusade
- investiture contest
- controversy over emperors appointing Church officals
- Capetian dynasty
- rulers of France after Hugh Capet
- Normans
- French rulers of Normandy; conquered England
- champaigne fairs
- investiture contests
- Hanseatic league
- trade group centered around Harnsa
- three estates
- social classes; "those who pray," "those who fight," "those who work"
- chivalry
- code of honor for knights and nobles
- troubadors
- performing singers and poets
- guilds
- groups of workers
- cathedral schools
- church-organized educational program; focused on liberal arts
- universities
- schools of higher learning
- scholasticism
- syntthesized beliefs of Catholicism
- sacraments
- Catholic relgious rites
- saints
- holy individuals canonized by the Church
- relics
- artifacts that belonged to the saints
- pilgrimages
- religious journeys to holy sites
- Waldensians
- French heretics; "clergy was immoral"
- Cathars (Albigensians)
- viewed the world as a place of constant struggle
- Vinland
- Newfoundland
- Teutonic Knights
- Germanic knight group
- reconquista
- reconquering of Spain from the Muslims
- Crusades
- Catholic campaings of conquest to the Holy Land
- Toltecs
- first large-scale central rule in Mesoamerica
- Mexica
- the Aztecs; cental American empire of 12 million; 489 conquered provinces paid tribute to capital of Tenochtitlan
- Huitzilopochtli
- Mexica warrior patron deity; most of human sacrifice went to this god
- Quetzalcoatl
- Aztec "feathered serpent" god; patron of arts
- Pueblo
- S.W. American society; irrigated rivers, raised maize, over 135 known sites
- Iroquois
- confederation of 5 tribes in N.E. America
- Inca
- empire in Andes Mountains; capital at Cuzco
- Tenochtitlan
- Aztec capital city; an administrative center for the region
- chinampas
- floating farms around Tenochtitlan; made from fertile muck from bottom of lake
- quipu
- Incan form of record keeping using knots and small cords
- Cahokia Mounds
- largest surviving mound structure
- Marae
- Pacific Island temple
- Nan Madol
- massive administrative center; Sandelean dynasty in the South Pacific
- Ali'I nui
- traditional chieftains in Hawaii
- kapu
- Hawaiian term meaning taboo
- Rabban Sauma
- emmissary of Ilkhan
- John of Montecorvino
- Italian missionary who founded Roman Catholic missions in India and China; first archbishop of Beijing
- Hongwu
- Chinese commoner who overthrew the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and founded the Ming Dynasty
- Zheng He
- famous Chinese emplorer responsible for many ventures; purpose was to show off Chinese might to foreigners
- Prince Henry
- Portuguese explorer who started European expansion
- Bartholomeu Dias
- explorer that went to the Cape of Good Hope
- Vasco da Gama
- went to India around Africa
- Fernando and Isabel
- rulers of Spain during the reconquista
- Christopher Columbus
- Italian explorer who discovered the Americas for Spain
- Little Ice Age
- a global cooling of the earth around 1300 CE
- Black Death
- term for bubonic plague
- Ming Dynasty
- post-Mongol rule dynasty in China built like traditional dynasties
- Renaissance
- period of European learning after the Dark Ages
- humanism
- refers to scholars interested in humanities, literature, history, and philosophy
- bezant
- currency of Byanztium; gold coin
- Greek fire
- incindiery weapon made of sulfur, lime, and petroleum
- Greens and Blues
- chariot racing teams; big rivalry; caused riots
- theme
- province of Byzantium
- corpus iuris civilis
- Body of Civil Law; recodification of law by Justinian
- caesaropapism
- emperors were absolute rulers an were involved in the Church
- iconoclasm
- destruction of icons ordered by Leo III
- ascetisim
- intense celibacy, prayer, and fasting taken on by monks
- Cyrillic
- alphabet made by Cyril and Methodius to teach Slavs
- Constantine
- first emperor of Byzantium; created new capital of Constantinople; converted to Christianity and made it legal
- Procopius
- Byzantine historian
- Justinian
- emperor of Byzantium; recodified law; started campaign to recapture Europe and Rome
- Belasarius
- Justinian's general who led army to capture Europe
- Theodora
- Justinian's wife; very influential in government
- Liuprand of Cremona
- ambassador sent by European tribe to Constantinople; had bad reports on city
- Leo III
- ordered iconoclasm
- St. Simeon Stylite
- famous "pillar saint"
- St. Basil of Caesarea
- created laws for monks