Philosophy Midterm
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Descartes
- 1596- 1650
- Cartesian
- Descartes
- epistemic
- philosophy of knowledge
- Descartes main goal and method
-
establish stable and lasting knowledge
-provisionally reject any belief that is not completely indubitable - what is the difference between the dream argument and the demon argument?
-
dream- he is asleep and is producing these "senses"
demon- he is being decieved about his sensory experiences by an evil being outside himself. - What status does descartes claim for i exist and why?
-
Cogito, ergo sum: i think therefore i exist.
if he can think, he exists: not necessarily in a bodily form etc - What other things does descartes realize he is certain of along with cogito?
- The content of his mental states
- The main idea of med. 3
- I am finite; god is infinite. As a finite being, i cannot have an idea of an infinite being; therefore this idea must have come from an infinite being, god.
- cartesian circle
- God's existence is proved by the light of nature; the light of nature is proved by god's existence
- tak is an answer to what question?
- "what is it to know something?" "What do we mean when we ascribe knowledge to someone?"
- State the TAK
-
S confidently believes that P
P is true
S is adequately justified in believing that P - Necessary and sufficient conditions
-
If A, then B
A is sufficient for B
If a person studied hard, they passed the class
B is necessary for A
If a person passed the class, they studied hard - Dispositional vs. occurent beliefs
-
Dispositional- i like coffee
Occurent- i crave coffee - epistemic vs. moral and pragmatic justification
-
epistemic- truth conducive
moral- loyalty (friend theft)
pragmatic- sick guy dying - strong vs. weak conception of knowledge
-
Strong= 100%
weak= less than 100% - Do gettier cases effect the strong and weak conceptions of knowledge equally?
- no: only the weak
- Bonjour's proposed modificaiton to TAK and the problems with it
-
It must not be an accident in relation to s's belief or reasons that P is true:
- not clear that it works
- requires about how likely the truth of the proposition
- the assumption that levels of justification ca be regarded as probabilities
- lottery paradox - David Hume
- 1711-1776
- describe the problem of induction.
-
arises from"how are general conclusion justified on the basis of particular instances?
- internalism
- deductive arguments - Pragmatic vindication of induction
- tentative acceptance of truth
- ordinary language justification of induction
- induction is reasonable- it need not play the role of deductive reasoning
- A priori justification of induction
- justification that does not rely on experience
- WHAT IS INDUCTIVE METHOD?
-
tentavely accept a claim
revise the claim if need be later on - what is the difference between inductive reasoning and inductive method?
- Inductive method is something we use: inductive reasoning is part of that method
- Inductive reasoning is compared to __________. The difference between the two is________________.
-
Deductive
deductive requires 100% certainty - Explain why appealing to past successes in not an easy answer to the problem of induction.
- Past does not decide the future: the chair didn't break when i sat in it today or the day before, but it could break tomorrow.
- What is A priori justification?
- Justification that does not depend on experience
- Define moderate empiricism.
- All a priori justification is a matter of definitions/conceptual content.
- Define rationalism.
-
A priori is logical, rational.
includes a priori insight. - A priori insight
- a direct insight into the nature and structure of reality
- What is the intuitive idea behind the term analytic?
- Straightforward and obvious
- Kant's definition of analytic
- The concept of the predicate contained in the subject
- Frege's definition of analytic
- A substitution instance of a truth of logic or simplifiable into such
- Does bonjour argue that frege's definition successfully argues away the need for a prior? what are his reasons?
- No; can have synthetic examples: all triangles have 3 sides
- BLAH BLAH BLAH LAST QUESTION
- red is not green example