industrial revolution and restoring europe
Terms
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- Carbonari
- A secret society organized along military lines. The name came about because each new member to secrecy by tracing a charcoal mark on the forehead. It was originally formed to fight Napoleon's armies, now tried to fight against the Austrian monarch.
- Carlsbad Decress
- Metterrnich persuaded the Austrian and Prussian Kings to impose a series of repressive measures. These decrees muzzled the press and dissolved the student fraternities. "Universal representation" was to be renounced.
- Metternich
- He entered diplomatic service in Vienna and became the minister of foreign affairs in 1809. He believed that Europe would find peace only if its legitimate sovereigns were unchallenged by the forces of liberalism and nationalism and if a single state could no longer threaten the international balance of power by becoming too powerful.
- Belgium
- Catholic Belgium had never been united or autonomous and was divided between flemish speakers in the north and west walloons. A riot broke out in Brussels against the nobles and the opressed. The European powers declared Belgium's independence in August 1831.
- Sunday Schools
- Provided the children of workers with educational, social, and recreational opportunities.
- Laissez-Faire
- The belief that the state should not interfere in the economy, but let it run by itself. Literally means, "let do as pleases". This was thought to create more wealth.
- Chartism
- A movement that called for universal male suffrage, annual elections equal electoral districts, the secret ballot, and salaries for members of Parliament, so that ordinary people could serve if elected.
- Conservatism
- They sought to craft a viable political program for the post-revolutionary world. they insisted that states emerged through gradual growth and that monarchial legitimacy stemmed from royal birthright, confirmed by the sanction of religion. Opposed political claims based on any notion of individual freedom.
- Hegel
- He made explicit the close connection between the development of German nationalism and the reverance for a strong state that characterizeed German Liberal thought. For him, nationalism was equivalent of a secular religion that had the potential of shaping a new morality.
- Beethoven
- A composer who mixed classicism and romanticism together. He put together soft music, and loud barbarous chords. He was very rich and famous.
- Decembrist Revolt
- The decembrist convinced the St.Petersburg Garrison to support Constatine. Troops occupied a central square in the capital, shouting their favorite until Nicholas ordered shots fired. The leaders were executed.
- Mazzini
- A lawyer by training and an energetic revolutionary by temparament emerged as a guiding spirit in the quest for italian unifacation under a republic. He asserted the need to bring peace to Europe by liberating all peoples, imputting the idea of the "nation" an almost mystical religous quality. He was one of the first to suggest that the states of Europe might evolve into a lose federation of dem. States based on nation.
- Repeal of the Corn Laws
- In June 1846, Parliamentary repeated the Corn Laws, reguang duties on wheat and other imported agricultural products.
- Baedeker Guides
- A tourist guide published by Karl Baedeker. Publishedguides to the Rhine River, Paris, several German States, Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
- Romanticism
- Emphasized imagination and emotion in personal development, had begun to emerge as a literary, artistic, and musical movement late in the eighteenth century
- Monroe Doctrine
- 1823. James Monroe, fearing the concert powers might try to help spain restore its authority over its former latin american colonies, issued the monroe doctrine. It states that "the American continents...are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers". It warned that the U.S. would "consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.
- Thomas Arnold
- Headmaster at Rugby School. Reformed the school to spur students on to better performances by stimulating academic competition through examinations and prizes.
- Eollverien
- A German Customs Union. It removed many of the tariffs between 17 states.
- Chopin
- 1810-1849 He adopted Polish themes and dances in his polonaises, which impressed Polish nationalists.
- Congress of Vienna
- Representatives of the allies who had defeated Napoleon-Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain- came together to reestablish peace in Europe. They wanted to prevent Europe from again being shaken by revolution in France or elsewhere. They reestablished borders and re-throned some monarchs that had been dethroned by Napoleon
- Raft of the Medusa
- A painting by Gericault
- Catholic Emancipation Act
- 1829. It rmoved the legal restrictions that had kept Catholics from holding office or Serving in Parliament.
- Philhellenic Movement
- Members of the Philhellenic movement (schlolars and intellectuals who had become passionately intrested in classical Greece) embrace the Greek revolt as a modern crusade for Christianity and independence against Turkish Opression.
- Comfort
- The European middle classes shaped a culture based on comfort kitchens and dining rooms became seperate. The middle class spent more money on luxury items. The higher one went in an apartment building the less money the person had.
- Carlsbard Decrees
- Metternich persuaded the Austrian and Prussian kings to impose a series of repressive measures. These decrees muzzled the press and dissolved the student fraternities. "Universal representation" was to be renounced.
- Holy Alliance
- Created by Tsar Alexander 1. It asserted that the relations of the European sovereigns, whom he referred to as "the delegates of the Providence" would tereafter be based "upon the sublime truths that the Holy Religion of Our Savior teaches. Prussia, and austria agreed to it. Francis 1 of Austria and Frederick William III of Prussia signed it.
- Utilitarianism
- The belief that laws should be judged by their social utility, or whether or not they provided "the greatest good for the greatest number" of people. Jeremy Bentham was its greatest exponent
- Iron law of wages
- If wages were left to the law of supply and demand they would fall to near subsistence level.
- Concert of Europe
- Consisted of Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, and France. They met nually. If necessary they would join together to put down movements that could threaten the status quo.
- Liberalism
- Held the belief that the individuals should be equal before the law because they believed that individuals are born good, free and capable of improvement. Also wanted male suffrage
- French Revolution of 1830
- On July 26, 1830 Charles X shattered the principles of the Charter of 1814. He dissolved the newly elected chamber of Deputies; Demonstrations on July 27 led to skirmishes with troops. The troops were peltedon by stones and tiles. The revolution ended with the drowning of Louis-Phillipe.
- German Confederation
- On June 9, 1815 the congress created the German confederation of 35 states joined by a Federal Diet. Consisted of Prussia, Austria, and the middle states of Bavaria, Hanover, Wurteber, the two Hesses, and Baden, and the free cities of Hamburg, Frankfurt, Bremen, and LLubeck. The member pledged to assist each other if any of them were attacked or threatened.
- Junkers
- The nobility of Prussia. Owned 40 percent of the land and maintained their social and political connections to the court.
- Louis-Philippe
- Was named Lieutenant-General of the Realm. Had a reputation for being relatively liberal. Was given the throne on August 2,1830. He was called "King of the French" because his authority was thought to come from the people.
- John Stuart Mill
- Published"The subjection of women". Argued that women should be able to compete as equals in a society defined by market relations.
- Rossini's William Tell
- An opera performed in Paris 1829. It tells the sory of a 19th century Swiss patriot who, is forced by an official to shoot with bow and arrow an apple off the top of his young son's head and who eventually kills the Austrian officials.
- Ultras
- Or Ultra-royalist. They wanted to exact revenge against those who supported Napoleon and the Revolution made up of the emigre who returned to France. They wanted their land returned to them.