exam task 1 definitions
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- adjacency pair
- a sequence of 2 related utterances by two different speakers. The first utterance leads to a set of expectations about the response. Based on socio-linguistic context. Second utterance can be a 'preferred' or 'dis-preferred' response. Example : 'fancy a coffee?' 'I'd love one!' (i.e. offer - acceptance) / offer - non-acceptance / greeting - greeting / question - answer / invitation - acceptance or non-acceptance / complaint - denial / etc
- universal grammar
- the theory which claims that every speaker of a language knows a set of principles which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within set limits
- anaphoric reference
- a word or phrase that refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text (written or spoken). Makes a text cohesive. The second word or phrase is different in some way from the first. Example: 'where are my keys?' 'you left them on the kitchen table' ('them' refers back to the keys in the first utterance).
- collocation
- two or more words that co-occur in a language more often that would be expected by chance. The more often words occur together, the stronger the collocation. Collocation can be a result of grammatical rules or simply usage. Examples: depend on / have a cigarette / high frequency / bitterly disappointed / completely agree / etc
- substitution
- the replacing of a noun phrase or a clause by a single word in order to avoid repetition or to make a text more cohesive
- order of acquisition
- the order in which grammar / language are thought to be acquired. There may be a natural, predictable order for at least some morphemes / language items. Examples: irregular past before regular past / item that is early acquired (e.g. vocabulary) / item that is late acquired (e.g. third person 's')
- word family
- a group of words that share the same root / basic form. The words use different affixes / morpheme additions to make different parts of speech. Examples: care, careful, careless, uncaring, carer, etc.
- connotation
- the attitudinal meaning of a word, which may be culturally determined, such as whether it carries a positive or negative meaning
- cataphoric reference
- a word or phrase that which refers forward to another word or phrase which will be used later in a text (written or spoken). Examples: 'when I met her, Mary looked ill' / 'it was only after drinking it, I realised it was piss'
- nucleus/tonic syllable/nuclear stress
- the place in an utterance where the major pitch movement begins, marking the focal point of the message
- washback / backwash
- the positive or negative impact of a test on classroom teaching
- fossilisation
- the process through which an error has become a permanent feature of a learner's language use and is believed to be resistant to correction
- structural syllabus
- a syllabus which is based around a series of grammatical structures. The structures are sequenced according to assumed level of complexity. Examples: Verb 'to be' - present simple - present continuous