7th Grade Social Studies Final

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Ms. McGovern's social studies 28 page packet

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Powers of State Governments: education, voting, and driving requirements
Interchangeable Parts: Eli Whitney- machine made parts would be alike-saves time and money
Habeus Corpus: The right to have charges filed or a hearing before being jailed
Navigation Acts(18th Century) purpose: forced colonists to ttrade with Britain
Robert E. Lee: General of the Confederates (South)
What was the purpose of the Philadelphia Convention and what did it accomplish?: the origianl purpose was to revise the A.O.C.-the result created a new constitution, gave more power to the national government
Plymouth: pilgrims, separatists who wanted to separate from the church of England
Factory System: brought workers & machinery together in one place. Workers earned wages.
Lousiana Purchase: France, $15 million, doubled the size of the U.S.
Intolerable Acts Colonists Reaction: colonists boycotted British goods
Articles of Confederation: loose confederation of states, weak central government, more power to the states, ended the war, set up a frame of government, (no pwer to regulate trade tax, raise an army/navy make money)
The Trearty of Paris, 1783: British recognized the independence of the U.S., geographic boundaries, and the U.S. fishing rights in the Atlantic Ocean
Unconstitutional: not legal under the constitutional
The war of 1812 results: treaty of Ghent, status quo
Clermont: began the age of steamboats
Urbanization: movement of the population from farms to cities
How did Hamiliton defend his plan?: compromise-move nations capital to the south
Limited Government: the constitution of the U.S. specufucally lists what the national government can and cannot do
Conscription: A draft requiring men of a certain age to serve in the military
Historians: study past human events to build accurate records of the past
Kansas Nebraska Act: This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.
15th Amendment: Can't be denied the right to vote based on race
Power of National Government: coin money, raise army/navy, and declare war
Popular Sovereignty: a principle of the U.S. Constitution that states that the people have the to create, alter, and abolish their government. In the mid-1800s, a term referring to the idea that each territory could decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery
Great Britian:: magna carta, 1215, English Bill of Rights, limited the power of the king
Democratic-Republicans: a party that wanted agriculture, strong state government, strict interpretation of the constitution, pro-French
The 3/5s Compromise (problem): How should slaves be counted to determine population? The Southern states wanted them to be counted and the Northern states did not
Stamp Act Colonists Reaction: mobs destroyed the houses of tax officials, riots, and threats
Harriet Tubman: Conductor of the Underground railroad
Bleeding Kansas: Term referring to bloodshed over popular sovereignty in a particular western territory
New York: middle, Peter Stuyvestant, Dutch and British(patroons)
Caucus: private meetings where canidates are choosen
Georgia: south, James Oglethrope, debtors
Shay's Rebellion: 2,000 famer uprising- sign that the A.O.C. was weak
Literacy Tests: a required test to be taken by African Americans in order to be elligable to vote
Nominating Convention: delegates from all the states choose the party's canidate for president
Women's Rights Movement: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony
Britian felt: they had to tax the colonists to raise money after the French and Indian War
Algonquin: LI/east coast, patrilineal, wigwams, adapted to their enviroment
Geography: study of the earth, including its people, region, movement, location, place, interaction
Separation of Power: power in the central government is divided into 3 branchess (legislative, executivem and judicial)
Nullify: to cancel; to declare a law null and void
Writs of Assistance Colonists Reaction: Massachusetts colonists sent protests to London
Proclamation of 1763 purpose: Banned white settlers west of the Appalachian mts. for protection
Electoral College: electors from a state to vote for the president or the vice president
Daniel Webster: the north, opposed war of 1812, wanted to strengthen the national government
Confederacy: The government the southern states established after they seceded from the Union
Ratify: to officially approve
Imperialism: the domination of one country over another colonialism
Concluding Statement of the Declaration of Independence: declared the colonists' formal break with Great Britain
Judicial Review: power of the supreme court to declare a law unconstitutional
Total War: Strategy of the North towards the end of the civil war to devestate the South
Alien Act: A law that allowed the president to expel foreigners
Northwest Ordiance: government for the Northwest territory
Important events in the civil war:: Fort Sumter, Battle of Bull Run, Gettysburg, Antietam, Appomattox Surrender
13th Amendment: banned slavery
Separation of Powers: powers of government are divided into 3 branches
Revolution slogan: no taxation without representation
Erie Canal: Reduced Travel time and cost of shipping dropped to 1/20 of what it was before the canal, linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River
John C. Calhoun: the south, supported the war of 1812, did not want to strengthen the national government
Constitution: document that sets out laws for a government
Abraham Lincoln: 16th president; President during the Civil War; declared war because he wanted to preserve the union, when elected South seceded
Civil War: The war in the U.S. that occured between the North and the South
Democrat: Andrew Jackson & supporters- Frontier farmers & factory workers in East
spoil's system: practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs
Important people of the civil war:: Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, McClellan, Grant, Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson
Townshend Acts(1767) Colonists Reaction: colonists boycotted British goods
Sectionalism: loyalty to a state or region rather than the whole country
The Addition of the Bill of Rights (problem): Federalists wanted to ratify the constition as it was, Anti-federalists feared that there was not enough individual protection in the constitution
Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln's 1863 declaration freeing slaves in the Confederacy
Missouri Compromise: 1820 -- Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state (states get admited my twos)
Protective Tariff: tax on imports meant to protect American industry
Abolition- Movement to end slavery: William Lloyd Garrison, Fredrick Douglas, Grimke Sisters, Harriet Tubman
Override: congress' ability to passa law that the presidenthas vetoed
Statement of Grievance for the Declaration of Independence: complaints directed toward King George III
Townshend Acts purpose: import tax on tea, lead, paint, and paper
Bill: a proposed law
Whig: National republicans became whigs, Eastern vuisiness people and Southern Planters wanted the government is to spur the economy
Neutrality: policy of not choosing sides in a conflict
Mayflower Compact: government for the pilgrim colony
Declaration of Independence statement of Democratic principles: statement of Democratic principles influenced by John Locke, main ideas
Pennsylvania: middle, William Penn, Quakers
North Carolina: south, cash crop-tobacco, north and south carolina divided
Kitchen Cabinet: Andrew Jackson's unofficial advisors, met in White House Kitchen
Navigation Acts Colonists Reaction: colonists engaged in smuggling and bribing colonial officials
Maryland: south, Lord Baltimore, Catholics
Wilmot Proviso: Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico
triangular trade: the colonial trade route between New England, Africa, and the West Indies in which rum, lumber, and slaves were traded
Puritains: hoped to reform the church of England (Mass. Bay)
Dorethea Dix: Mental Hospitals and Jails (2nd Great Awakening)
Thomas Paine: it is a common sense that the colonies shouldn't be ruled by a king
Horace Mann: Education movement (2nd Great Awakening)
Gettysburg Address: Speech by lincoln in which he restated the Northern goal in the Civil War
Ulysses S. Grant: an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
Civil War battles took place in:: the south (most battles in Virginia)
Hamiliton's Financial Plan: assuming all state and national debts and issuing new bonds to refinance the total debt, adding an excise tax on luxuries, adding tariffs on imported goods, creating a national bank to handle government accounts and coin currency
XYZ Affair: american anger over bribes demanded by french diplomats "millions for defense, but not a penny for tribute"
Republic: nation in which voters elect representatives
Federalism: a system of government in which power is divided between the federal government and the state governments
Compromise of 1850: Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession
South Carolina: south, rice and indigo, north and south carolina divided
God, Gold, and Glory: exploration motive
French and Indian War took place in: the Ohio Valley
Lexington and Concord: American Revolution 1st Battle
Rhode Island: new England, Anne Hutchinson, religious freedom
Laissez~Faire: "let alone"-government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs
Radicals & Tories: Radicals=patriots and loyalists=tories
Northwest Passage: waterways through or around the Americas
Precedent: an action that is used as an example for others to follow
Freedmen's Bureau: Helped newly freed African Americans
Separatopn of Church and State: Freedom of religion/no religion in government
Virginia: south, Jamestown, House of Burgess, tobacco
The war of 1812 causes: impression of American sailors and sezure of American Ships, England providing arms to Native Americans in the West, warhawks push for war, conflicts between the settlers and the Native Americans
Roots of Reform: 2nd Great Awakening, Declaration of Independence
Grandfather Clause: If your grandfather could vote before 1867, you did not have to take a literacy test
Quartering Act(1765) purpose: soldiers had no right to stay in colonists houses
Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederacy
What were the two main criticisms of his plan?: thought the plan would reward speculators, southern states had already paid off debt
The 3/5s Compromise: Every five slaves would equal three persons in determining a state's population for taxation and representation
Stamp Act(1765) purpose: placed taxes on legal documents ex. wills, diplomas, newspapers, cards, etc.
The Slave Trade Compromise(problem): those against slavery wanted the slave trade abolished. Most Southern states wanted to preserve it.
John Brown: abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)
Middle Passage: the longest leg of triangle trade, many Africans died in this portion of the trip
The main ideas for the Declaration of Independence: all men have the right to life, liberty, and the pusuit of happiness, government gets its authority from the people, people have the right to revolt
Tarriff of Abonimations: 1828 tax on imports HATED tax- South dislike, North like
The war of 1812 events: showdown at Tippecanoe, fighting at sea, Americans invade Canada, march in Washington(Washington burns), the Battle of Baltimore, Francis Scott key writes "the star bangled banner", Battle of New Orleans
Intolerable Acts(1767): punished colonists for Boston tea party
Cabinet: group
Sedition: stirring up rebellion against a government
Confederation: a group of states or nations joined for a common purpose
Bicameral: a two-house leguilature
Copperheads: Northeners who thought the South should be allowed to leave the Union
Precedents set by George Washington:: title, did not run for 3rd term, cabinet, and neutrality
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: declaration that states had the right to declare a law unconstitional
Suffrage: the right to vote
American Revolution last Battle: Yorktown, VA
Marbury vs. Madison: 1803, sumpreme court decision-judicial review
primary sources: diary, journal
Temperance: Against Alcohol
Delegated Powers: powers given to the national government
Lewis & Clark: expedition to map & explore Lousiana purchase
Crusades: series if holy wars Christians vs. Muslims
Free Market: prices are not regulated by the government
The Slave Trade Compromise: the importation of slaves would end in 1808
Proclamation of 1763 Colonists Reaction: Colonists defied theorder and continued westward
Connecticut: new England, religious freedom
Harriet Beecher Stowe: author of Uncle Tom's Cabin (showed the evil's of slavery, fugitive Slave law)
Who opposed Hamiliton's plan?: James Madison
Iroquois and Algonquin shared characteristics: spirits in nature, no one owned the land, tribes, clans, sachems, wampums, and the three sisters (corn, beans, squash)
Writs of Assistance(1760) purpose: gave British officials general warrants to search homes for smuggled goods
Turnpike: roads on which tolls were collected
export: goods leaving a country
Legislative Branch: makes laws, override vetos, and approve appointed judges
Colonies advatages: knew the land and had a motive(independence)
New Jersey: middle, proprietary colony
Racism: believing that one group is inferior because of their race
Shared Powers: tax and borrow money
Veto: a presidential rejection of a bill
Capitalist: a person who invests in a buisness in order to make profit
Poll Tax: a tax put on African American voters, hoping to disenfranchise them
Precedent: act/decision that sets an example for others to follow
Federalists: a party that wanted manufacturing, shipping, trade, wanted a strong federal government, a loose interpretation of the constitution, and were pro-British
Judicial review: declaring a law unconstitutional
Marbury v. Madison: 1803, Supreme Court decision that established judicial review
The Addition of the Bill of Rights (compromise): Anti-Federalist agreed to ratify the constitution if a Bill of Rights was added. The Bill of Rights was added in 1791
Monroe Doctrine: 1823, foreign policy statement, U.S. would not interfere in Latin America
Uncle Tom's Cabin: novel about the evils of slavery and the injustice of the Fugitive Slave Law (by Harriet Beecher Stowe)
Klu Klux Klan: Used terrorism and violence to intimidate blacks and other minorities.
The Great Compromise (problem): How will representation in congress be determined? Small states wanted it to be equal and large states wanted it to be determined by population
Impeach: to officially accuse a public official of high crimes and misdemeanors
Import: goods coming into a country
Licoln Douglas Debates: 1858, Abraham Licoln vs. Stephen Douglas for senator of Illinois
Industrial Revolution: change in the way goods were produced 1800s in U.S., origanally started in Great Britain
Albany Plan of Union: tried to unite the colonies(failed), A proposal for increased unity and cooperation among the colonies
Proprietary Colony: English colony where king gave land to proprietors for yearly payment
Iroquois: finger lakes, matrilineal,longhouses, Iroquois league/confederacy, MOOCS, adapted to their enviroment
Sectionalism: loyalty to one's state or are rather than the nation as a whole
Census: officail count of the pop. every 10 years
Indentured Servants: men and women who entered inta a contract to work for seven years in exchange for passage to the colonies
Amend: to change
Executive Branch: enforces laws, appoints judges, and vetos bills
Mercantilism: colonies exist to benefit the mother country
Fugitive: A person who is on the run from the law
Checks and Balances: each branch of government can check or control the others
Whiskey Rebellion: farmers in PA revolted the whiskey tax, Washington sent miltia- test of strength for the new government
14th Amendment: citizenship
Archaeology: archaeology study of evidence left by early people in order to find out about their way of life
Emancipate: To free
Henry Clay: the west, supported war of 1812, wanted to strengthen the national government
Concurrent Powers: powers for the national government and states
Judicial Branch: interpets laws, judicial reviews, and declare unconstitional
Corduroy Road: road paved with logs
Massachusetts: new England, John Winthrop, religious freedom
1861-1865: The period of the civil war
Quartering Act(1765) Colonists Reaction: colonists wrote protests
Political Science: Study of structure and activities of goverment for social order
The Great Compromise: a bicameral legislature was created. Representation in the house of Reps. is based on population and representation in the senate is equal
New Hampshire: new England, trade and fishing
Land Ordinance of 1785: system for settling a Northwest territory
secondary sources: textbook, book written at a later time
Dred Scott: An 1858 Supreme Court case in which a slave sued for his freedom but the court ruled against Scott because he wasn't a U.S.citizen
Representative Government: people elect people to run the government
National Debt: total sum of money a government owes
Reserved Powers: powers set aside for the states
British advatages: money and soldiers
Delaware: middle, broke away from Pennsylvania, trade

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