Torso Muscles
Terms
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Origin:
Splenius Capitis
(inferior attachment) - Fascia and spinous processes of seventh cervical and first four thoracic vertebrae
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Insertion:
Splenius Capitis
(superior attachment) - Lateral one third of the superior nuchal line and the mastoid process of the temporal bone
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Action:
Splenius Capitis - Extends and hyperextends the head. Contraction of only one side laterally flexes and rotates the head and neck.
- Splenius means _______.
- Bandage - the muscles seem to wrap around the deeper neck muscles.
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Trigger Point:
Splenius Capitis - In the belly, close to the head
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Splenius Capitis - To the top of the head and eye region (pain goes to behind eyes but not all around the head)
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Synergists:
Splenius Capitis -
- Splenius Cervicis
- Semispinalis Capitis
- Superior portion of trapezius -
Antagonist:
Splenius Capitis - Sternocleidomastoid
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Origin:
Splenius Cervicis
(inferior attachment) - Spinour processes of third through sixth thoracic vertebrae
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Insertion:
Splenius Cervicis
(superior attachment) - Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the first three cervical vertebrae
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Action:
Splenius Cervicis - The muscles extend and hyperextend the neck. Contraction of only one side laterally flexes and rotates the neck and head
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Trigger points:
Splenius Cervicis - In the belly of the muscle and near the insertion.
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Synergists:
Splenius Cervicis -
- Splenius capitis
- Semispinalis capitis
- Superior portion of the trapezius -
Antagonist:
Splenius Cervicis -
- Rectus capitis anterior
- Sternocleidomastoid -
Origin:
Erector Spinae/
Iliocostalis Cervicis - Angles of the third through sixth ribs
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Insertion:
Erector Spinae/
Iliocostalis cervicis - Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the fourth through seventh cervical vertebrae
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Action:
Erector Spinae/
Iliocostalis Cervicis - Extension, lateral flexion of the vertebral column
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Origin:
Erector Spinae/
Iliocostalis Thoracis - Angles of the lower six ribs medial to the iliocostalis lumborum
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Insertion
Erector Spinae/
Iliocostalis Thoracis - Superior border at the angles of the upper six ribs
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Action:
Erector Spinae/
Iliocostalis Thoracis - Extension, lateral flexion of vertebral column
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Origin:
Erector Spinae/
Iliocostalis Lumborum - Medial and lateral sacral crests and medial part of iliac crest
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Insertion:
Erector Spinae/
Iliocostalis Lumborum - Angles of all ribs (depending on reference, varies from lower six to all ribs)
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Synergists:
Erector Spinae/
Iliocostalis group -
- longissimus, semispinalis, and spinalis groups
- quadratus lumborum -
Angatonists:
Erector Spinae/
Iliocostalis group - Rectus Abdominus
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Origin:
Erector Spinae/
Longissimus cervicis - Transverse processes of upper five thoracic vertebrae
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Insertion:
Erector Spinae/
Longissimus cervicis - Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the second through sixth cervical vertebrae
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Action:
Erector Spinae/
Longissimus cervicis - Extension and lateral flexion of vertebral column
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Origin:
Erector Spinae/
Longissimus capitis - Transverse processes of upper five thoracic vertebrae and articular processes of lower four cervical vertebrae
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Insertion:
Erector Spinae/
Longissimus Capitis - Posterior aspect of mastoid process of temporal bone
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Action:
Erector Spinae/
Longissimus Capitis - Extends and rotates the head
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Origin:
Erector Spinae/
Longissimus thoracis - Aponeurosis and transverse processes of the lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae
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Insertion:
Erector Spinae/
Longissimus thoracis - Transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae and between tubercles and angles of lower ten ribs
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Action:
Erector Spinae/
Longissimus thoracis - Extension and lateral flexion of vertebral column
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Synergists:
Erector Spinae/
Longissimus group - - iliocostalis, semispinalis,and spinalis groups
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Antagonists:
Erector Spinae/
Longissimus group - - rectus abdominus
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Origin:
Erector Spinae/
Spinalis Capitis - Transverse processes of upper seven thoracic and articular processes of fourth through seventh cervical vertebrae
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Insertion:
Erector Spinae/
Spinalis Capitis - Between superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone
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Action:
Erector Spinae/
Spinalis Capitis - Extends the vertebral column
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Origin:
Erector Spinae/
Spinalis Cervicis - Spinous processes of the lower two thoracic and upper two lumbar vertebrae
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Insertion:
Erector Spinae/
Spinalis Cervicis - Spinous process of first and second cervical vertebrae
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Action:
Erector Spinae/
Spinalis Cervicis - Extends the vertebral column
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Insertion:
Erector Spinae/
Spinalis Cervicis - Spinous process of upper eight thoriacic vertebrae
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Trigger Points:
Erector Spinae/
Spinalis Group - midscapular and lumbar region
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Erector Spinae/
Spinalis group - To the scapular, lumbar, gluteal, and abdominal region
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Synergists:
Erector Spinae/
Spinalis group - - longissimus, semispinalis, and iliocostalis group
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Origin:
Quadratus Lumborum - Iliolumbar ligament and the posterior portion of the iliac crest
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Insertion:
Quadratus Lumborum - Inferior border of last rib and the transverse processes of the first four lumbar vertebrae
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Action:
Quadratus Lumborum - FLexes lumbar region of vertebral column laterally to the same side. Both muscles together stabilizes and extends the lumbar vertebrae and assists forced expiration
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Trigger Points:
Quadratus Lumborum - Found laterally near the rib or iliac attachment
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Quadratus Lumborum - Found in the gluteal and groin area and also in the sacroiliac joint and the greater trochanter (if trigger points are active, a cough or sneeze can cause severe pain in lower back)
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Synergists:
Quadratus Lumborum -
- Iliocostalis lumborum
- Longissimus Thoraicis
- Psoas major -
Origin:
Serratus Posterior Superior - Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae and the spinour processes of the sixth and seventh cervical through the third thoracic vertebrae
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Insertion:
Serratus Posterior Superior - Upper border and external surfaces of ribs two through five lateral to their angles
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Action:
Serratus Posterior Superior - Assists in raising ribs during inspiration
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Trigger points:
Serratus Posterior Superior - Under the scapula near the insertion of the muscle on the ribs
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Serratus Posterior Superior - Under the upper portion of the scapula
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Synergists:
Serratus Posterior Superior -
- levatores costarum
- scalenus posterior -
Origin:
Serratus Posterior Inferior - Spinous process of the last two thoracic and upper three lumbar vertebrae
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Insertion:
Serratus Posterior Inferior - Inferior borders and outer surfaces of lower four ribs just lateral to the angles
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Action:
Serratus Posterior Inferior -
Depresses last four ribs
(somewhat controversial in light of recent studies showing no electromyographic activity during respiration) -
Trigger Point:
Serratus Posterior Inferior - In the belly of the muscle near the eleventh rib.
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Serratus Posterior Inferior - A nagging ache in the area of the muscle
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Synergists:
Serratus Posterior Inferior - - internal intercostals
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Antagonists:
Serratus Posterior Inferior -
- external intercostals
- serratus posterior superior -
Origin:
Diaphragm - First three lumbar vertebrae, lower six costal cartilages, and inner sufrace of xiphoid process of sternum
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Insertion:
Diaphragm - Muscle fibers converge upward and inward to form the central tendon
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Action:
Diaphragm - Flattens on contraction increasing the vertical dimensions of thorax
- The most important muscle of inspriation
- Diaphragm
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Origin:
Rectus Abdominis - Crest of pubis and pubic symphysis
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Insertion:
Rectus Abdominis - Cartilage of fifth, sixth, and seventh rib and xiphoid process of sternum
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Action:
Rectus Abdominis - Compresses the abdominal cavity and flexes the vertebral column
- Tendinous bands divide each _____ into four bellies.
- Rectus
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Trigger Points:
Rectus Abdominis - located in each belly near the linear alba
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Synergists:
Rectus Abdominis -
- external and internal obliques
- pyramidalis -
Antagonist:
Rectus Abdominis - erector spinae group
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Origin:
External Oblique - External surface of the lower eight ribs
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Insertion:
External Oblique - Anterior part of iliac crest and by abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba
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Action:
External Oblique - Compresses the abdominal cavity. Laterally flexes and rotates vertebral column. Both sides flex vertebral column anteriorly.
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Synergists:
External Oblique -
- rectus abdominis
- internal oblique
- psoas major -
Antagonist:
External Oblique - Back muscles, especially erector spinae group
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Origin:
Internal Oblique - Lateral half of inguinal ligament, anterior two thirds of the iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia
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Insertion:
Internal Oblique - Upper fibers into cartilages of last three ribs, the remainder into the aponeurosis extending from the tenth costal cartilage to the pubic bone
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Action:
Internal Oblique - Compresses abdominal contents, laterally bends and rotates vertebral column. It also aids the rectus abdominus in flexing vertebral column.
- Important muscle in forced expiration, coughing, and sneezing; contraction squeezes abdominal contents
- Internal Oblique
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Synergists:
Internal Oblique -
- external oblique
- rectus abdominis -
Antagonist:
Internal Oblique - erector spinae
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Origin:
Transverse Abdominal - Lateral part of inguinal ligamint, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, and cartilage of lower six ribs
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Insertion:
Transverse Abdominal - Abdominal aponeurosis to liea alba
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Action:
Transverse Abdominal - Constricts the abdomen an dsupports the abdominal viscera
- Innermost of the three abdominal muscle layers. Muscle fibers run horizontally instead of obliquely.
- Transverse Abdominal