Life Span 3 Exam Chapters 8 & 9
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What is myelination?
- The process by which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells-sarts after birth not complete unt. adolescence
- How many neural connections does the 3 year old have?
- 1,000 trillion-twice as many as adults
- What is the rate of growth during early childhood?
- The average child grows 2.5 inches and gains beween 5-7 pounds a year
- What is growth hormone deficiency?
- The absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland;without it most children will not reach 5 ft
- What is the critical window for emotional control?
- Between birth and 2 years old
- What is the critical window for vision?
- 0-2
- What is the critical window for social attachment, Erik Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage?
- 0-2
- What is the critical window for vocabulary?
- 0-3
- What is the critical window for learning a second language?
- 0-10
- What is the critical window for math and logic?
- 1-4
- What is the critical window for music and what is it tied to?
- 3-10, associated with math and logic
- When is the frontal lobe growing rapidly and what does it do?
- 3-6 years cognitive changes can be seen, planning, organizing, understanding
- When does the most growth take place in the temporal and parietal lobes and what do they do?
- Age 6-puberty, major roles in language and spatial relationships-parietal
- When do neural connections start to slow and what happens by age 11?
- age 6; by age 11 pruning gets rid of unused-brain is more powerful; we only use the connections related to our language
- What did Gesell say about a child's ability to copy circles?
- 2 and under cannot
- Good-enough Harris
- children can be rated on their ability to draw a person-the more detail-the higher the perception and intelligence
- What is house-tree-person test?
- Says a lot about the child's socioemotional growth-how they see themselves and others
- What are some gross motor skills for ages 3-4 (37-48 months)?
- throws ball underh., pedals trike, catches large ball, forward somersault,jumps to floor from 12",3 hops,steps on foot. pattern
- What are some gross motor skills for ages 4-5 (49-60 months)?
- bounces and catches ball, runs 10ft and stops, pushes wagon, buggy, kicks ball,carries 12lbs, 1 ft 4 hops
- What are some gross motor skills for ages 5-6 (61-72 months)?
- throws ball-boys 44ft,girls 25, carries 16lbs, kicks rolling ball,roller skates,skips rope, rolls ball, rides bike with training wheels
- What are some fine motor skills for ages 5-6 (61-72 months)?
- folds paper .5's and .25's, draws circ, rect, square, triangle,cuts interior paper, uses crayons approp.,clay ob 2 parts, reproduces letters,cop. 2 words
- What are some fine motor skills for ages 4-5 (49-60 months)?
- strings & laces shoe, cuts following line, strings beads, copies x, opens & places clothespins, 5 block bridge, writes first name
- What are some fine motor skills for ages 3-4 (37-48 months)?
- draws approx. circle, cuts paper, pastes, three block bridge, eight block tower, draws 0, dresses and un dolls,pours from pitcher
- Where do 95 percent of right-handed individuals process speech?
- brain's left hemisphere
- Where do left-handed individuals process speech?
- .5 left hemisphere, .25 equally in both
- What are some characteristics of left-handed people?
- more reading problems, more common among mathmeticians, musicians, architects and artists, good visual-spatial skills and imagining layouts
- What is BMR?
- Base Metabolism Rate-the minimum amount of energy a person uses in a resting state
- How many calories does the preschool child require in a day and what portion should be fat?
- 1,700 calories, 35 percent
- What is the leading cause of death among young children?
- accidents
- What are children more likely to develop when exposed to tobacco smoke in the home?
- wheezing symptoms and asthma and it also affects the amount of vitamin C in their blood
- What is the difference between an acute and a chronic illness and what are some examples?
-
acute-3 months or less(cold, flu, virus(4-6 bouts a year)
chronic-long-lasting, diabetes, asthma - What is the tendency in single mother families?
- more asthma, more headaches, more acute illnesses
- What are operations?
- In Piaget's theory, internalized sets of actions that allow children to do mentally what they used to do mentally, i.e. adding and subtracting
- What changes take place in Piaget's preoperational stage?
- 2-7 years stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning emerges, egocentrism begins and weakens, magical thought
- What does the word "preoperational" emphasize?
- that the child at this stage cannot yet think something through without acting it out
- What 2 substages can pre-operational thought be divided into?
- symbolic function substage and intuitive thought
- What is the symbolic function substage?
- 2-4 the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present, language and pretend play
- What is egocentrism?
- The inability to distinguish between's one own perspective and someone else's-part of first substage
- What is animisim?
- the belief that inanimate objects have "lifelike" qualities and are capable of action (the sidewalk made me fall)
- What is the second substage intuitive thought?
- 4-7 children begin to use primitive reasoning and want answers to all kinds of questions
- What is centration?
- focusing or centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
- What is conservation?
- awareness that altering an object's or substance's appearance does not change its quantitive properties
- Why is the second substage called intuitive?
- children seem so sure of knowledge-but are unaware of how they know what they know
- What is the pre-conservational child?
- not logical, difficulty in generalizing and believing, phenomenalistic thinking-2 unrelated things together
- What is the zone of proximal development?
- Vgotsky's term for tasks too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with assistance
- What did Vgotsky call "buds" or "flowers" of development?
- child's cognitive skills that are in the process of maturing and can be mastered only with the assistance of a more skilled person
- What did Vgotsky call "fruits" of development?
- tasks that the child can already accomplish independently
- What is the role of scaffolding in cognitive development?
- changing the level of support, tapering off gradually as the child's competence increases
- According to Vgotsky-children use speech for what?
- not only for social communication-but to help them solve tasks, plan, guide and monitor behavior
- What is the use of language for self-regulation called?
- private speech, ego-centric and immature
- What did Vgotsky say about language and thought?
- that they develop independently and then merge, mental functions have external, social origins-talking to self-long time before internal develops
- What is inner speech?
- when the self-talk becomes second nature and they can act without speaking out loud
- What did Piaget say about self-talk?
- that it was egocentric and a sign of immaturity
- What is the social constructivist approach?
- an approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and that knowledge is mutually built and constructed-Vgotsky
- What is the difference between Piaget and Vgotsky regarding how knowledge is constructed?
- P-by transforming,organizing , and re-organizing previous knowledge,V-through social interaction
- What is the difference between Piaget and Vgotsky regarding their theories for teaching?
- P-children need support to explore world, V-students need many opportunites to learn with teachers
- What are the three ways a child's attention ability changes during the pre-school years?
- control of attention (1 obj.), salient (dimensions that stand out) vs. relevant dimensions (needed to solve prob), playfulness (haphazard comparisons)
- What is short-term memory?
- the memory component in which individuals retain information for about 30 seconds without rehearsal
- What is the theory of mind?
- awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others
- What is the child-centered kindergarten?
- education that involves the whole child by considering both the child's physical, cognitive, and social development and the child's needs, interests and learning styles-play
-
What is the
Montessori approach? - children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one to another
- What is Developmentally Appropriate practice?
- education that focus on the typical developmental patterns of children (age) and the uniqueness of each child (individual)-paper, pencil abstract
- What is Project Head Start?
- a government funded program designed to provide children from low income families the opportunity to acquire skills and experiences for school success
- According to Erik Erikson-what psychosocial stage characterizes early childhood?
- initiative versus guilt, they are persons of their own, intensely identify with parents, use perceptual, motor, cognitive, language skills to make things happen
- What is the governor of initiative?
- conscience, they begin to hear the inner voices of self-observation, self-guidance, and self-punishment
- How do children leave this stage with a sense of initiative instead of guilt?
- depends on how parents respond to self-initiated activities, giving freedom, answering questions and do not deride play activity
- What is self-understanding?
- the child's cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions
- Development is the joint product of which 2 things?
- physical maturation and socio-cultural development
- What 2 things are the key words for Vgotsky for development?
- language and environment
- How did Piaget say that changes occured in cognitive processes?
- by allowing children to interact with their environment by themselves
- How did Vgotsky say that changes occured in cognitive processes?
- Children need parental involvement to interact with the environment
- How did Vgotsky and Piaget differ on views of sociocentricism and egocentricism?
- P-said that children were ego-centric first and become socio-centric&language and perception. V-sociocentric first-egocentric later
- What is syllogism?
- deductive resasoning-children do not use this kind of reasoning
- What is transductive reasoning?
- fact to fact reasoning, how children handle similarities and likenesses-use relationships to a larger class
- How do children conceive "self" in early childhood?
- in physical terms, such as size, shape, color;play; sometimes distinguish themselves from others by material attributes as well
- What is magical thinking?
- belief that our thoughts can make things happen;explains use of security objects that are given up once thinking becomes deductive
- The ability to see beyond the dominant figure or reverse what is being seen is related to what?
- reading readiness-children who can do this have higher reading skills
- What changes occur in emotional development in early childhood?
- 2-3 increase terms used to describe emotions-begin to talk about their own and others emotions;4-5begin to understand can influence other's emotions
- What are self-conscious emotions?
- require that children be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others
- Wut hat appears first-self-awareness or self-conscious emotions?
- self-conscious emotions do not develop until self-awareness is in place, in the last half of the 2nd year
- What is emotion-coaching?
- these parents monitor their children's emotions, view negative ones as chances to teach and coach them in dealing with emotions
- What is emotion-dismissing?
- parents view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions
- What is moral development?
- development that involves feelings, thoughts, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do with others
- What was Piaget's view of moral reasoning?
- 4-7 1st heteronomous morality, 7-10 transition a bit of each, 10+-2nd autonomous morality
- What is heteronomous morality?
- 1st stage Piaget;4-7; justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world-out of the control of people
- What is autonomous morality?
- 2nd stage piaget; 10+; child becomes aware that rules and laws created by people, in judging an action one should consider actors intentions and the consequences
- What does a heteronomous thinker do?
- judges the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering the consequences of behavior not the intentions of the actor; 12-1
- What is paramount for the moral autonomist?
- the actor's intentions; accept change and recognize that rules are subject to change
- What is immanent justice?
- the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately
- What is Freud's theory of morality in children?
- to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children form a superego by indentifying w/ same sex par
- What is the difference between sex and gender?
- sex is the biological dimension of being male or female; gender refers to the social and psychological
- What is gender identity?
- the sense of being male or female, most children acquire by the time they are 3
- What is gender role?
- a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act and feel
- What are the 2 main classes of sex hormones?
- estrogens and androgens secreted by the gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males)
- What do evolutionary psychologists argue regarding gender?
- that because of their differing roles in reproduction, males and females faced dif. pressures
- What do evolutionary psychologists say about natural selection in males?
- favored males who adopted short-term mating strategies, males evolved dispositions that favor violence, competition and risk-taking
- What do evolutionary psychologists say about natural selection in females?
- favored females who devoted effort to parenting and chose mates who could give offspring protection and resources-ambitious men
- What are some social influences on gender?
- pink and blue in hospital, adults and peers reward behavior, children imitate
- What are the 3 main social theories of gender?
- social role theory, psychoanalytic role theory and the social cognitive role theory
- What is the social role theory?
- theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women
- What is the psychoanalytic theory of gender?
- Freud's view that the pre-schooler is attracted to opposite-sex parent;5-6 renounces and identifies with same sex parent
- What is the social cognitive theory of gender?
- gender occurs through the observation and imitation of gender and through rewards and punishments
- What is the cognitive developmental theory of gender?
- that children's gender typing occurs after they have developed a concept of gender-then they organize their world on gender
- What is the gender schema theory?
- that an individual's attention and behavior are guided by an internal motivation to conform to stereotypes
- What is gender constancy?
- The understanding that sex remains the same even though activities, clothing, and hairstyle might change
- What are the 4 different parenting styles?
- Authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent, and neglectful
- How are authoritarian parents classified?
- as rejecting, unresponsive, demanding and controlling, children lack independence, unhappy, fearful, anxious, weak communication
- How are authoritative parents classified?
- Accepting, responsive, demanding, controlling, self-reliant, knows consequences, achievement-oriented
- How are neglectful parents classified?
- rejecting, unresponsive, undemanding and uncontrolling; poor self-control, immature, low self esteem, truancy delinquency
- How are indulgent parents classified?
- Accepting, responsive, undemanding, uncontrolling; expect to get their way, do not respect others, domineering, ego-centric, peer
- What are some characteristics of child maltreatment?
- Physical abuse, child neglect(physical,educational,emotional), sexual abuse,emotional abuse
- What is unoccupied play?
- child is not engaging in play as it is commonly understood might stand or perform random movements
- What is solitary play?
- child plays alone and independently of others
- What is onlooker play?
- child watches others play
- What is parallel play?
- child plays separately but with toys like the others are using and mimic play
- What is associative play?
- social interaction play with little or no organization
- What is cooperative play?
- social interaction play in a group with a sense of group identity and organized activity
- What is sensorimotor play?
- behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas
- What is practice play?
- play involves repitition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery
- What is pretense/symbolic play?
- 9-30mthe child transforms the physical environment into a symbol
- What is social play?
- play that involves interaction with peers
- What is constructive play?
- combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas-occurs when children engage in self-regulated creation of a product or problem