AP 770 Pharm Exam 2 Intro Autonomic Nervous System Kenney
Terms
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- Autonomic nervous system coordinates bodily functions to: (2)
-
Autonomic nervous system coordinates bodily functions to: (2) ensure
1) normal homeostasis
2) adaptive responses to stress -
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
In posprandial state, vegetative functions dominated by PNS
HR:
BP:
GI:
Blood Volume Where?:
Conditions promoted by: -
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
In posprandial state, vegetative functions dominated by PNS
HR: slow and regular
BP: normal
GI: motor and secretory activities high, extracting nutrients
Blood Volume Where?: major portion occupies dilated visceral vascular bed
Conditions promoted by: PNS action and quiescence of SNS -
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Life-threatening emergency
PHysiological priorties shift to:
GI:
Heart:
Vascular:
Liver: -
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Life-threatening emergency
PHysiological priorties shift to:
GI: decreased digestion, motility and secretion
Heart: increased HR and cardiac contractility
Vascular: vasoconstriction
Liver: gepatic glycogenolysis - Anatomical location of SNS
- Thoracolumbar
- Anatomical location of PNS
- Craniosacral
- 3 components of nervous system:
-
3 components of nervous system:
SNS, PNS
enteric (gut) - Receptor defn:
-
Receptor defn:
component of a cell or organism that interacts with a drug (neurotransmittter) and initiates a chain of biochemical events (pharmacological effects). - Principal adrenoceptor types:
-
Principal adrenoceptor types:
Alpha and Beta - PNS primarily subserved by ______ receptors
- PNS primarily subserved by muscarinic receptors
- Ganglionic transmission is mediated by _________ receptors.
- Ganglionic transmission is mediated by nicotinic receptors.
- Cholinergic Fibers:
- Cholinergic Fibers: Nerve fibers that synthesize and release acetylcholine (Ach) (Preganglionic and postganglionic)
- Adrenergic Fibers:
- Adrenergic Fibers: Nerve fibers that synthesize and release norepinephrine. (Postganglionic only)
- NANC:
- NANC: nonadrenergic, noncholinergic e.g. NO
- Parasympathetic ouflow has what types of fibers?
-
Parasympathetic ouflow has what types of fibers?
Only Cholinergic - Sympathetic outflow has what type of fibers?
-
Sympathetic outflow has what type of fibers?
Cholinergic and Adrenergic - Intermural ganglia are located:
-
Intermural ganglia are located:
within target organ - Noradrenergic Junction Regulation points (sympathetic, postganglionic)(6):
-
Noradrenergic Junction Regulation points (6):
1) Synthesis: - by Trysine Hydroxylase
2) Storage: - by Resperine
3) Release: - by guanethidine
4) Bind receptor: (alpha and beta)
5) Diffuse: - by MAO
6) Uptake
-autoregulation by NE
-heteroregulation - Biosynthetic Pathway of Catecholamines:
-
Biosynthetic Pathway of Catecholamines:
Tyrosine -->
Dopa -->
Dopamine --> dopamine beta-hydroxylase
Norepinephrine --> PNMT
Epinephrine - 3 Primary endogenous catecholamines
-
3 Primary endogenous catecholamines:
1) Dopamine
2) Norepinephrine
3) Epinephrine - Cholinergic Junction regulation points (parasympathetic, postganglionc) (6)
-
Cholinergic Junction regulation points (parasympathetic, postganglionc) (6)
1) Synthesize: - Hemicholiniums
2) Storage: - vesamicol
3) Release: (under voltage dependent process) - Botulinum toxin
4) Bind receptor: (muscarninic or nicotinic)
5) Effect: metabolized to Acetylcholinesteristase, which inhibits Ach --> dec Ach []
6) Uptake
-autoregulation by Ach
-heteroregulation - Key NANC neurotransmitter:
-
Key NANC neurotransmitter:
NO - Biosynthetic Pathway for NO:
-
Biosynthetic Pathway for NO:
NO Synthhase catalyzes in Endothelium:
O2 + L-Arginine --> L-Citrulline + NO
Outiside endothelial cell regulation:
1) Agonist binds receptor on surface to activate
2) L-NAME, L-NAMA diffuse through to inhibit
Inside endothelial cell regulation:
1) Ca2+/CaM activates
NO moves to effector cell to activate Guanylyl Cyclace to convert GTP to cGMP inhibiting PLC -->
1) VSM --> relaxation
2) Platelets --> Anti-aggregation - Agonist drugs:
- Agonist drugs: bind to and activate the receptor in some fashion.
- Antagonist drugs:
- Antagonist drugs: by binding to a receptor, prevent binding by other molecules.
-
Alpha 1 receptors
Fiber type:
Agonists:
Antagonists:
Tissue:
Responses:
Subtypes: -
Alpha 1 receptors
Fiber type: adrenergic
Agonists: Epi=NE>>Isoproterenol
Antagonists: Prazosin
Tissue: Vascular smooth muscle, genitourinary smooth muscle, Liver
Responses: Contraction of smooth muscle, glycogenolyss, gluconeogenesis
Subtypes: A,B,D -
Alpha 2 receptors
Fiber type:
Agonists:
Antagonists:
Tissue:
Responses:
Subtypes: -
Alpha 2 receptors
Fiber type: adrenergic
Agonists: Epi=NE>>Isoproterenol
Antagonists: Yohimbine
Tissue: Presynaptic nerve terminals, vascular smooth muscle, Pancreatic islets
Responses: Decreased release of NE, contraction of smooth muscle, decreased insulin release
Subtypes: A, B, C -
Beta 1 receptors
Fiber type:
Agonists:
Antagonists:
Tissue:
Responses:
Subtypes: -
Beta 1 receptors
Fiber type: adrenergic
Agonists: Isoproternol>Epi=NE
Antagonists: Metropolol
Tissue: Heart, Juxtaglomerular cells
Responses: Increased force and rate of contraction and AV nodal conduction velocity. Kidney: increased renin secretion
Subtypes: -
Beta 2 receptors
Fiber type:
Agonists:
Antagonists:
Tissue:
Responses:
Subtypes: -
Beta 2 receptors
Fiber type: adrenergic
Agonists: Iso>Epi>>NE
Antagonists: ICI 118551
Tissue: Smooth muscle (vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, genitourinary), Liver
Responses: Relaxation (smooth muscle), glycogeneolysis (Liver)
Subtypes: -
Beta 3 receptors
Fiber:
Agonists:
Antagonists:
Tissue:
Response:
Note: -
Beta 3 receptors
Fiber: adrenergic
Agonists: ISO=NE>Epi
Antagonists: ICI 118551
Tissue: Adipose tissue
Response: Lipolysis
Note: Currently no specific B3 receptor. This is significant because increase in obesity and diabetes -
Nicotinic Muscle Receptor
Fiber:
Agonists:
Antagonists:
Tissue:
Response: -
Nicotinic Muscle Receptor
Fiber: Cholinergic
Agonists: Ach
Antagonists: Tubocurarine
Tissue: Neuromuscular Junction
Response: Endplate depolarization, skeletal muscle contraction -
Nicotinic Neural Receptor
Fiber:
Agonists:
Antagonists:
Tissue:
Response: -
Nicotinic Neural Receptor
Fiber: Cholinergic
Agonists: Ach
Antagonists: Trimethaphan
Tissue: Autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, CNS
Response: Depolarization (ganglia), firing of postganglionic neurons, secretion of catecholamines (adrenal) -
Muscarinic M1 Receptors
Fiber:
Agonists:
Antagonists:
Tissue:
Response: -
Muscarinic M1 Receptors
Fiber: cholinergic
Agonists: Ach
Antagonists: Atropine
Tissue: Autonomic ganglia, CNS
Response: Depolarization (ganglia), undefined (CNS) -
Muscarinic M2 Receptors
Fiber:
Agonists:
Antagonists:
Tissue:
Response: -
Muscarinic M2 Receptors
Fiber: Cholinergic
Agonists: Ach
Antagonists: Atropine
Tissue: Hear (SA node, Atrium, AV node, Ventricle)
Response: Hyperpolarization (SA node), decrease conduction velocity, decrease contractile force. -
Muscarinic M3 Receptors
Fiber:
Agonists:
Antagonists:
Tissue:
Response: -
Muscarinic M3 Receptors
Fiber: Cholinergic
Agonists: Ach
Antagonists: Atropine
Tissue: Smooth muscle, secretory glands
Response: blood vessels relax, increased secretion