Chapter 8

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War of 1812: This war had three major political consequences. First, it eliminated the Federalists as a national political force. Second, it convinced the Republicans that the nation was strong and resilient, capable of fighting war. The third was an outgrowth of the first two.
John Marshall: He served in the Continental Army during the Revolution. In the 1790s he had embraced the Federalist Party. Marshall tossed the Republicans a few crumbs by ruling that the Supreme Court could not compel Madison to deliver Marbury's commission. Then he argued that the Court could not issue a writ of mandamus in its original jurisdiction. The 1st time the court had declared an act of Congress unconstitutional.
second Missouri Compromise: This compromise prohibited Missouri from discriminating against citizens of other states but left open the issue of whether free blacks were citizens.
Tecumseh and the Prophet: People feared that the British in Canada would recruit Indians to halt the march of American settlement. A Shawnee chief, Tecumseh and his half-brother the Prophet, sought to unite several tribes in Ohio and the Indiana territory against American settlers. They tried to unify their people and revive traditional virtues.
McCulloch v. Maryland: In this court case, the issue was whether the state of Maryland had the power to tax a national corporation, specifically the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank of the US. McCulloch case dismayed many Republicans. The Second Bank of the US was unpopular because it tightened its loan policies during 1818 which triggered the Panic of 1819 that gave a rise to considerable distress throughout the country.
British-American Convention on 1818: This fixed the boundary between the US and Canada from the Lake of the Woods to the Rockies and restored to Americans the same fishing rights off Newfoundland that they had enjoyed before the war of 1812.
Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800: In this treaty, Spain ceded the Louisiana Territory to France, which was fast rising under Napoleon.
Missouri Compromise: Between 1820 and 1821 a series of congressional agreements known as this resolved the crisis. The first of these agreements involved the balances between slave states and free states. In 1820 Congress agreed to admit Maine as a free state, to pave the way for Missouri's admission as a slave state, and to prohibit slavery in the rest of Louisiana.
American System: Henry Clay wrote this book with the aim of making the nation economically self-sufficient and free from dependency on Europe. In 1816 Congress charted the Second Bank of the US and enacted a moderate tariff.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward: This case centered on the question of whether New Hampshire could transform a private corporation, Dartmouth College, into a state University. Since the Constitution specifically forbade states to interfere with contracts, New Hampshire's effort to turn Dartmouth into a state University was unconstitutional.
"Era of Good Feelings: In 1817 a Boston newspaper printed this phrase. It reflects not only the war's elimination of some divisive issues but also Monroe's conscious effort to avoid political controversies.
Berlin Decree: in 1806 which proclaimed a blockade of British Isles. Any ship that attempted to enter or leave the port would be seized by France. The British responded with a 2nd Order that required all neutral ships trading in the blockaded zones of Europe to stop at British ports to secure licenses.
Lewis and Clark Expedition: Under Jefferson's Presidency, in 1804 Clark and 50 others followed the Missouri River and then the Snake and Columbia rivers. Lewis and Clark hired a French-Canadian fur trader Toussaint Charbonneau as a guide and interpreter. Charbonneau's wife, Sacajawea accompanied the men. She showed the men how to forage for wild food and rescued most of the expedition's scientific instruments after a storm.
Holy Alliance in 1815: This Alliance aimed to end revolutions everywhere in the name of Christian principles. But Britain refused the alliance.
Tripolitan (or Barbary) pirates: In 1801 Jefferson ordered the navy into action in the Mediterranean against Tripolitan (or Barbary) pirates of North Africa. For centuries Tripoli and Morocco solved their own budgetary problems by engaging in piracy and extorting tribute in exchange for protection. They held men captive for ransom and were sold into slavery.
Monroe Doctrine.: George Canning proposed that the US and Britain issue a joint statement opposing any European interference in South America while pledging that neither would annex any part of Spain's old empire in the New World.
Albert Gallatin: He was Jefferson's secretary. Jefferson and Gallatin believed that to pay the interest on debt, there would have to be taxes. Taxes would suck money from industrious farmers and put it in the hands of wealthy creditors.
impressment: the seizure from American merchant ships, pressing them to service and purported British sailors who had deserted the Royal Navy.
Non-Intercourse Act: Congress repealed the Embargo Act and instead passed this Act that opened American trade to all nations except Britain and France and authorized the president to restore trade with either nation if it ceased to violate neutral rights.
Marbury v. Madison: On his last day in office, Adams appointed William Marbury as justice of the peace in the District of Columbia but then failed to deliver Marbury's commission before midnight. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus, ordering Madison to make the delivery. Chief Justice Marshall then called on Madison to show why he would not be compelled to hand over the commission. In the case of Marbury v. Madison, Jeffeson detected signs of another Federalist scheme to use the judiciary to advance partisan interests. In 1802 he won congressional repeal of the Judiciary Act.
Adams-Otis (Transcontinental) Treaty: In 1819 Spain agreed to this treaty. Spain ceded East Florida to the US, renounced its claims to all of West Florida, and agreed to a southern border of the US.
Embargo Act 1809: prohibited vessels from leaving American ports fro foreign ports. By restricting French and British trade with the US, Jefferson hoped to pressure both nations into respecting American neutrality. It allowed American ships blown off course to put in at European ports if necessary.
"war hawks": Young Congressmen elected in 1810, mainly from the South and West, began thinking of war. They put this group together in the House of Representatives. Henry Clay was their leader who preferred war over peace.
12th Amendment: This Amendment required separate and distinct ballots for the P and VP.
Milan Decree: in 1807 which proclaimed that any vessel that submitted to British regulation or allowed itself to be searched by the Royal Navy was subject to seizure by France.
Monroe Doctrine: It was also a message from the President in 1823 that announced that unless American interest were involved, the United State' policy was to abstain from European wars. Also it said that America could not be subjects for future colonization by any European power and that any attempt at European colonization in the New World would be construed by the United States as an unfriendly act.
Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817: During Adam's presidency he wanted to strengthen the peace with Great Britain. During his term, the US and Britain signed this treaty which effectively demilitarized the Great Lakes by severely restricting the number of ships that they two powers could maintain there.
Hartford Convention: During the war of 1812 their goal had been to assert state' rights rather than disunion, but to many the proceeding seemed like a traitorous plot.
Orders in Council: British followed the Essex decision in 1806, the new policy that declared broken voyages illegal, with first of several trade regulations known as Orders in Council which established a blockade of part of the continent of Europe. It allowed American vessels to trade with French possessions as long as they carried their cargoes to Britain rather than to a continental port controlled by France.
Judiciary Act 1801: This Act created 16 federal judgeships, the act promised to relieve Supreme Court justices of the burden of riding far from Washington to hear cases. However, it threatened both to strip Jefferson of his first opportunity to appoint a justice and to perpetuate Federalist domination of the judiciary.

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