Psy Research
Terms
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- Benefit to Risk Ratio
- potential benefit to society strong enough to warrant the potential risk to an individual.
- Numremberg Code
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roots of today's ethical guidelines.
Inspired by Nazi Crime Trials-Developed in 1948.
war crime trials revealed horrifying atrocities.
Dr. Clausberg......experiments on women
Joseph Mengele-famous for twins experiment. - John Watson and Rosalke Rayner
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Conditioning Emotional Reactions
Where does fear come from?
Can you condition emoitonal reaction?
Procedure:
Shown rat (no fear)
rat touched..etc - Milgrim Obedience to Authority
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Nazi holocost
Determine Degree to "normal"
citizens obey unethical commends
shock therapy 65 went to maximum shock
Careful Debriefing - Tuskegee Experiment
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Conducted by the United States Public Health Service
1932-1972
Examined long term effects of Syphilis
continued after treatment discovered.
Little knowleged gained - Critism of Milgrims
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Put subjects through undue stress
Taught subjects difficult facts about themselves. - APA Adoption of Ethical Guidelines
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Nuremberg code iimited to medical research
APA promised ethics were also important for psychology.
Subjects might be damaged by emotional or mental conflict. - Respect and Autonomy
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participants know what they are getting into and they are free to decide whether or not to cooperate.
informed consent
nature of study
potential risks
confidentiality
voluntary participation - Beneficence
- doing good
- nonmaleficence
- not doing harm
- IRB
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Made up of various members of the institution.
Researchers fill out form for summision to IRB
Expedited review-granted for minimal risk studies
Full review for greater risk studies. - Justice
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Burdens as well as benefits of the research should be equally distributed.
Study is as fair as possible.
Dilimas
Control group will n ot get benefits. Experimental group will. - Trust
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Based on the assumption that the participants will be told what they are getting into and nothing will be done to jeopardize this trust
Establish a relationship of trust
certificate of confidentiality/binding
stored in secure location
Data will be untraceable to participant - Fidelity and Scientific Intergrity
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Foster scientific advantages that lead to valid knowledge
poorly designed research
wastes resouces
may lead to invalid conclusions. - Deception
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Not informing participants of the complete details of study.
Strict-NEVER USE DECEPTION
Lenient-Deception if only means of ensuring natural behavior. - Milgrims's debriefing
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friendly reconcliationa with learner
showed they were pretended to have pain
results sent
they were not the only ones who did this - 5 Ways to Debrief
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1) Give explanation to reveal truth about the research and your careful consideration of the deception
2) not a reflection of character of intelligence
3) Proceed gredually and patientally with debriefing
4) what did subjects think of research situation
5) Never use Double deception. - 8 percent of psy research is conducted on animals.
- Go CINDY!!!
- History of Animal Rights
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Vivisection-surgical procedure done on live animals for scientific proced.
Anti vivsection movement
Developed in 19 century ENGLAND
American Antivivsectionist Society founded in philadelphia in 1883 - Extreme view of Animal Research
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humans have no right to conisider themselves superiod
sentient-capable of experiencing feelings and in particular -pain
Animals have the same rights...privacy, autonomy and freedom from harm. - Moderate View
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recognize the need for some meidcal research using animals
reject other research
researchers inflict needless pain and suffering
alternative approaches to research
Use alternative approaches.