Ch.8 Joints
Terms
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- Sites where 2 or more bones meet are called?
- Articulations/joints
- What are the 2 functions of joints?
-
1. secure bones together
2. allow rigid skeleton to move - How are joints classified?
-
1. what type of material is the joint made of
2. how much joint movement is allowed - what is the one body in the body that doesn't articulate with any other bone?
- hyoid bone
- What are some chracteristics of fibrous joints?
-
1. no joint cavity present
2. bones joined by fibrous tissue
3. most are synathrotic -
immovable joints are called _
slightly moveable joints_
freely moveable joints _ -
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diathroses - rigid fibrous joints found in the bones of the cranium.
- sutures
- bones connected by fibrous tissue made of ligaments or interosseous membrane. movement increases witht the length of the connecting fibers
-
syndesmoses
ex. tibia/fibula
radius/ulna - peiodontal ligament made of fibrous tissse that holds teeth in their sockets
- gomphoses
- give some characteristics of cartilaginous joints
-
1. articulating bones united by cartilage
2. no joint cavity - type of cartilaginous joint that unites bones with a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage
-
synchondroses
ex. ephyseal plates, joint btwn 1st rib and manubrium - cartilaginous joint where outside surfaces on bones are covered with articular hyaline cartilage.
- symphyses
- articular hyaline cartilage is fused to a pad of _ on bone surfaces. this material permits little movement
- fibrocartilage
- Give some characteristics of synovial joints
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1. articular cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces
2. joint cavity present
3.articular capsule present-covers all surfaces except hyaline covered areas
4. synovial fluid present-provides a slippery weight beraing film that reduces friction
5. joints reinforced and strenghtened by a number of reinforcing ligaments -
the _ _ sepeate and improve the articulating bone ends making the joint more stable
found in the knee, jaw and sternoclavicular joints - articular discs
- Not a part of synovial joints but frequently associated with them.
- Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
- Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane containing a thin film of synovial fluid. Common in sites where muscle, skin, or ligaments rub against bone
- Bursae
- Elongated bursae that wrap completely around a tendon subjected to friction
- Tendon sheaths
- Why must joints be stabilized?
- so that they don't dislocate
- the stability of synovial joints depends on what 3 factors?
-
1. shape of articular surface-determines wha movements are possible.
2. the # and positioning of ligaments
3. muscle tone-tendons are kept taut at all times by the tone of the muscles - Where is muscle tone especially important and why?
- Muscle tone is extremely important in knee and shoulder joints. These areas have ligaments and tendons which allo bending movement.
- What are the 3 catagories of range of motion allowed by synovial joints?
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1. nonaxial-slipping motion only
2. uniaxial - movement in 1 plane
3. multiaxial-movment in or around all 3 planes of spaces or axes - How many general types of meovements do synovial joints allow?
- 3
- What type of meovment is allowed by between intercarpal/tarsal bones, intervertebral, or sternoclavicular joints?
- gliding
- what type of movement of synovial joints is defined as a change of angle between 2 bones?
- angular
-
what angle movment is defined as a:
1. reduce angle
2. increase angle
3. move latterally
4. move medially
5. movement of the distal end of a limb-entire limb moves like a cone -
1. flexion
2. extension
3. abduction
4. adduction
5. circumduction - What synovial joint movement describes the turning movement of a bone around its own long axis?
- rotation
- what is the only movement allowed by te atlas-axis joint called?
- rotation
- what movement is common at the hip and shoulder joints?
- rotation
- Ligmanents reinforcing a joint that is stretched or torn is called?
- sprain
- where are the common areas for a sprain to occur?
- lumbar regions of the spine, ankle and the knee.
- Partially torn ligaments will repair themselves, T or F ?
- True
- How must completely ruptures ligaments be repaired and why?
- they must be repaired surgically and quickly because the inflammatory response will turn the injured ligament to mush.
- What causes cartilage injuries?
- tearing of the cartilage is due to high pressure and twisitng motions occuring simultaneously
- What can cartilage rarely repair itself?
- because it is avascular
- What can damaged cartilage framents do if not removed surgically?
- the fragments can interfere with joint function by causing locking or binding of the joint
- this occurs when bones are forced out of their normal positions at a joint.
- dislocation
- what type of injury is the most common sports injury?
- dislocation
- how is a disclocation treated?
- bones out of position must be reduced, or put back into correct position
- inflamation of a bursa caused n=by excessive stress or friction is called?
- bursitis
- what are common ways a bursistis injury occurs?
- falling on your knee ( housemaids knee or water on the knee), prolonged leaning on the elbow (students elbow), or bacterial infection
- Inflamation of the tendon sheaths is called?
- Tendonitis