Human Anatomy Lab 8
Terms
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- Axial Skeleton
- Contains the skull, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column.
- Appendicular Skeleton
- Pectoral girdle, clavicle, scapula, upper extremity, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle, os coxa, lower extremity, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
- Organic Material
- Composed mostly of cells and collagenous fibers and makes up 30% of the bone by weight.
- Inorganic Material
- Makes up the remaining 70% of the bone and mostly consists of hydroxyapatite.
- Hydroxyapatite
- A complex of salt of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
- Epiphyses
- The proximal and distal ends of the bone.
- Diaphysis
- The shaft of the bone.
- Articular Cartilage
- This is at the end of the epiphyses. It is composed of hyaline cartilage and helps reduce friction as the joint moves.
- Epiphyseal Line
- This is between the diaphysis and each epiphysis in older people.
- Epiphyseal Plate
- Occurs in individuals growing in height.
- Hyaline Cartilage
- This makes up the epiphyseal plate and increases in thickness by the division of chondrocytes.
- Compact Bone
- Hard, located on the outside of the bone.
- Spongy Bone
- Inner bone made of trabeculae.
- Trabeculae
- This segments or plates of bone that frequently run in the same direction as the stress applied to the bone.
- Marrow Cavity
- The innermost section of the bone that is hollow.
- Red Marrow
- Blood-forming
- Yellow Marrow
- Adipose-containing
- Diploe
- In flat bones, this is what spongy bone is called.
- Process
- A general term for a projections from the surface of the bone.
- Tubercle
- A relatively small bump on the bone
- Tuberosity
- A relatively large bump on the bone
- Spine
- A short, sharp projection
- Condyle
- An irregular, smooth surface that articulates with another bone.
- Epicondyle
- A bump on a condyle
- Head
- A hemispheric projection that articulates with another bone.
- Neck
- A construction below the head
- Crest
- An elevated, ridge of the bone
- Line
- A smaller elevation than a crest
- Facet
- A smooth, flat face
- Trochanter
- A large bump (on femur)
- Ramus
- A branch.
- Foramen
- A shallow hole.
- Sinus
- A cavity in a bone.
- Meatus or Canal
- A deep hole.
- Fossa
- A shallow depression in a bone.
- Notch
- A deep cut-out in a bone.
- Groove or Sulcus
- An elongated depression.
- Fissure
- A long deep cleft in a bone.
- Nutrient Foramina
- Small holes that allow for the passage of blood vessels into and out of the bone.
- Perforating Canals
- The nutrient foramina lead to this; these pass through compact bone.
- Periosteum
- Houses osteoblasts; this is a dense connective tissue sheath that covers the outer surface of the bone.
- Osteoblasts
- Active bone-forming cells
- Tendons
- Attach muscles to bones.
- Ligaments
- Connect bone to one another.
- Perforating Fibers
- Penetrate compact bone, strengthens tendon attachment.
- Endosteum
- A layer that lines the inner surface of long bones.
- Osteoclasts
- Responsible for remodelling of bone tissue.
- Endochondral Ossification
- A type of bone formation that begins with a hyaline cartilage template, later replaced by bone.
- Primary Ossification Centers
- The initiation of calcified regions in the hyaline cartilage that starts endochondral ossification.
- Secondary Ossification Centers
- Develop and expand the mineralization of the cartilage.
- Intramembranous Ossification
- A type of bone development in which a fibrous membrane is laid down and ossification occurs between the fibers.
- Osteons
- Modular units of bone.
- Central Canal
- The hole in the middle of the osteon that houses blood vessels and nerves in dence bone tissue.
- Lacunae
- Dark spots around osteons that used to house osteocytes.
- Canaliculi
- Thin tubes that protect the lacunae.
- Lamellae
- Layers of dense mineral salts that form concentric rings between the lacunae.
- Osteocytes
- The most common cell in compact bone; they live in lacunae.