Britain-France in Egypt/Suez
Terms
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- Railway supported by British
- Done in 1856, British supported, linked Alexandria and Cairo
- Suez Canal construction
- Concession given to French and St. Simonian Ferdinand Lesseps. Sultan approves in 1866, opens in 1869.
- Canal is microcosm for modern age
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-Engineering skills
-Steam power machinery
-Resources of capitalism
-Export oriented economy
-Dedication of a St. Simonian
-Opened to all nations after convention in 1888, Intended Convention (in peace and war) - Socio-Economic Egyptian reforms
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-Part of reform in Egypt after Civil War, Cotton cultivation.
-Consultative Ass. of delegates in 1866
-State system of education (start of women's movement)
-Institut Egyptien, museum, national library, pride for Egyptian history. - What's happening to Brits/Eur/Germ
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-Over 1/4 shares of Canal
-Queen is empress of India, want it for access
-France dealing w/Tunisia in 1881
-Germany working on railways in Istanbul/Baghdad/Hijaz - Egypt's internal situation
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-Heavily in debt to Egypt
-Ismai'l deposed, replaced by son Tawfid.
-Egyptian national movement against Khedive, head by Arabi - British occupation
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-Arabi defeated, exiled to Ceylon
-Ottomans complacent
-Lord Cromer is Consul General 1883-1907
-French hostility to occipation of Egypt Entente Cordiale
-1914: Britain declares Egypt a protectorate abolishing Ottoman over Egypt - British national Movement (3 phases)
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1. Muh 'Ali's (Alawi) Dynasty. 1st International Reform then sided w/Britain.
2. Trad. Leaderships ('Ulama/Notables): Controlled by Shadowy consultative assemblies supporting the govt.
3. Nationalists - 3 Types of Nationalists
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1. Popular movement representing the masses like Arabi
2. Islamic movement, pan-Islamism. al-Afghani and 'Abduh. Counted on Ottoman support. Islam v. West.
3. Middle class nationalist parties - Mustafa Kamil
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-Middle Class Nationalist Party.
-Patriotic Party: Hizb al-Watani in 1907.
-Cooperation w/Ottomans and France. Encouraged by Russo-Japanese war. - Ahmad Lufti al-Sayyid
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People's Party (Hizb al-Ummah).
-1907, encouraged by liberals advocating reform. Changed name to Wafd Party. Saad Zaghul was big until 1952 when overthrown by Nasser. - Constitutional party
- Mouthpiece of of Khedive (Hizb al-Islah) in 1907
- 1907
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Dinshaway incident of 1906
-Retirement of Cromer in 1907
-Japan's treaty over Russia in 1905
-Duma controlled attempt at a revolt - Weakness of nationalist patroitism in Egypt
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-Limited followers (mostly intillectuals) through newspapers, but only 20% could read.
-No social or econ platform to engage masses
-Econ Middle Class crucial for natl movements, alien in Egypt had own interests
-Borgeois party failed to enlist support of caliph/sultan or France