Theories 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- It is not without grounds that experimentation upon reaction time has been called the Lieblingsgegenstand of experimental psychology. The facts appear so simple and the interpretation so illusive that ingenuity has seemed piqued anew each time the matter
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - We set out with the general conception that from the evidence already in hand it was to be anticipated that each individual mind would, from influences already surrounding its growth, show itself possessed of certain coordinations which were customarily
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - The experiments were begun in March, 1895, and have continued, with a two months' summer intermission, up to the present time. While some differentiations have been made, both in the stimulus and the mode of response, the results of these are submitted n
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - The reagents of this series were the persons whose names appear at the head of the report. J., as indicated by the smaller number of his reactions in some of the series, came into the work recently; A. had taken part in no reactions for several years; M.
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - The time was taken with the Hipp chronoscope. The clock was tested at each hour's work, and frequently twice during the hour, by a falling screen whose time was taken from a 1,000 V. K? fork. The variable error of the machine for the whole series was .00
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - We may hope to escape the recriminations generally hurled at all users of the Hipp chronoscope, inasmuch as the significance of the figures rests but little upon their time values. As will appear, the essential question is whether certain groups of react
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - The experiments include responses by the hand, foot, and lips, to auditory and visual stimulations in both 'sensory' and 'motor' forms. In the auditory series a large number of the hand and foot reactions were further differentiated into those made in th
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - The hand responses were given by pressing downward with the first finger of the right hand. The foot reactions were made by downward pressure of the toe of the right foot, the foot being supported under the instep to prevent fatigue and complicating stra
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - Most of the visual series were not begun until after the auditory series were completed, and in the latter most of the lip and foot reactions were taken after the hand series had been finished. As the modes of response were the same in both the auditory
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - While the reactions were not all taken at the same hour of day, each period of work was divided between the sensory and motor forms. So that, throughout the course as a whole, each sensory reaction is balanced by a motor under parallel conditions. The nu
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit -
Effects of Light and Darkness
Most of the reactions in the light were taken with the eyes resting upon the responding organ, save of course in the case of reactions to visual stimulus. In its external aspects this form of reaction corresponds to wha -
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit -
Effects of Practice
At the outset of the course, it was found in the hand reactions to sound that A. and J. returned the faster time for the motor reactions, and M. for the sensory. The first attempts to react in both ways showed in all the reagents -
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - To sum up the steps in the development, we have (I) different habitual forms of attention at the outset; (2) a period of confusion and wide time difference in evolving the new form; (3) a subsequent reduction of absolute time and mean variations in both
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - On the whole, the outcome seems to agree with some of the results on both sides of the 'type' discussion. It indicates with Professor Baldwin's results that " the ground of origin of types is to be found in education, which must necessarily apply to
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - The following table shows the effects of practice in the time differences between the first and last thirds of each sensory and motor series. In all, except the hand series of A. and M., the number of reactions is very inadequate to show anything like th
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit -
Interpretation [4]
Taking the simple reaction as the type of voluntary action in general, and voluntary action as action under the direction of attention, it seemed that the key to any explanation adequate to all the facts, the individual peculiarit -
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - Not to go into too great detail, the process of attention in its essential outlines in, say, the auditory-hand reaction, appears something as follows: As the reagent receives his instructions for the reaction, he formulates in imagination what he is goin
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - With the reaction now interpreted as essentially constituted by the act of co?nating the ear-hand activities; with the distinction of 'stimulus' and ' response' interpreted as wholly functional, falling inside the act, the question still remains, ?why, i
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - But why is it ' in' one or the other? This leads to the consideration of another function or rather another phase of the function of attention, namely, its function as the adjustor, the mediator, of the tension between habitually established co?nations a
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - Concerning the process of 'shifting' the attention and the accompanying time variations it follows from the very nature of attention that it is only from an external point of view, the point of view of an observer, that we can speak of 'shifting' the att
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - Indeed, whether the attempt succeeds at all, depends upon the extent to which the ear adjustment can be left to habit. If the sound be very strange the reagent finds he cannot attend to the hand until, as he says he 'gets used' to the sound, and this ' g
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - This explains why at the outset of the series M's reactions were all made in the sensory form. As the ear phase, however, grows more and more reflex the breaking up of the hand process becomes possible and the motor form of attention emerges. A precisely
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - But why even the small margin in favor of the motor time at the close of a course of practice on the two forms ? The reason usually given is that ' attention to the movement is the beginning of it.' But if the whole act is not the mere hand movement, but
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - It appears, then, that for an explanation of the fact that at the end of the course of practice, when both forms had became highly reflex, the motor form was little the faster, we must appeal again to the relation between Habit and Attention, still regar
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit - As stated at the outset, this interpretation in terms of Habit and Attention seems to us to combine elements from both sides of the 'type discussion.' On the Princeton side it would say: (I) that the ' type' of attention and its accompanying time are det
-
James R. Angell and Addison W. Moore
Studies from the Psychological Laboratory
of the University of Chicago:
1. Reaction-Time: A study of Attention and Habit