USAD - Amy - Lang & Lit
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- The writings of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries did what for the world of literature?
- marked a shift from Latin to the vernacular; witnessed experimentation with new literary forms; marked a new interest in a variety of secular subjects
- Who served as models and inspirations to the English writers of the sixteenth century?
- Petrarch and Boccaccio
- What genre experienced a resurgance of writing?
- non-fiction
- When did the War of the Roses end?
- 1485
- What brought about the decline of the influence of the Catholic Church in England?
- Henry VIII's need for a divorce, and the resulting Reformation
- When did the England defeat the Spanish Armada?
- 1588
- What language began replacing Latin as the predominant language of serious writing?
- English
- Literacy increased due to the development of what?
- the printing press
- The literature of the 16th century was no longer limited to the church and court but instead had a (larger/smaller) circulation due to the invention of the printing press.
- larger
- What sparked the revival of classical learning after 1453?
- the manuscripts being brought to Europe by scholars who had escaped Constantinople after its fall in 1453.
- When did Constantinople fall?
- 1453
- What were the two effects of ancient manuscripts being tanslated into English?
- classical standards were applied to works written int he vernacular; English humanists took interest in creating a new concept of a good life based on classical ethics
- During the 16th century, the recently acquired wealth of english gentlmen offered them what, impacting the literature of the period.
- oportunities to travel and encounter other cultuers
- What were the earliest English plays called?
- miracles and/or mysteries
- The earliest English plays developed from religious services, just like the plays dedicated to Dionysus, a god from _____.
- Ancient Greece
- Miracles and mysteries were originally performed where?
- inside churches
- What is the title of the most famous of the surviving morality plays, dating from the late 15th century?
- Everyman
- The short farcical plays performed for occasional relief from moral and religious plays were called what?
- interludes
- The renewed interest in Greek and Latin literature led to what?
- longer comedies based on Latin models
- What are two of the comedies based off of the Latin comedies based of the works of Plautus and Terence?
- Ralph Roister Doister (c. 1553), and Gammer Gurton's Needle (c. 1533)
- Who wrote Ralph Roister Doister in 1553?
- Nicholas Udall, a schoolmaster
- Who wrote Gammer Gurton's Needle in 1533?
- We don't know. It's an anonymous work.
- Latin tragedies were modeled after the tragedies of who?
- Seneca
- What was the title of the most famous of the tragedies modeled after Seneca?
- Gorboduc
- Who wrote Gorboduc?
- Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton
- Ralph Roister Doister, Gammer Gurton's Needle, and Gorboduc were written to be what?
- amateur performances by schoolboys or university students
- Gorboduc was written in _____, newly imported from Italy.
- blank verse
- Who built the first theatre in London?
- James Burbage
- What did James Burbage call his theatre?
- The Theatre
- List the London theatres in the order in which they opened: Blackfriars, Globe, Theatre.
- The Theatre, The Globe, then the Blackfriars
- What shape was The Theatre and the Globe Theatre?
- hexagonal
- How many galleries did the The Theatre and the Globe Theatre have?
- three levels
- What shape was the stage and the pit of The Theatre and the Globe?
- circular
- Who played female roles?
- young boys
- How was love expressed on stage?
- through language alone because the female roles were acted by young boys
- Were the costumes elaborate or minimal?
- elaborate
- Was the scenery elaborate or minimal?
- minimal
- Because plays were performed in daylight, playwrights had to compensate for lighting by using what?
- language and imagery (think the balcony scene in romeo and Juliet)
- Why did playwrights have to include language to take care of entrances, exits, and the removal of corpses?
- Because there were no curtains and they had no control of lighting (everything was performed in daylight)
- Why was the lack of scenery advantagious to playwrights?
- Changing scenes was very easy because there was minimal scenery to change
- When did William Shakespeare appear in London?
- around 1584
- Who especially prepared the way for Shakespeare to succeed on the stage?
- Marlowe
- How old was Marlowe when he died?
- 29
- What verse style did Marlowe utilize in all of his plays?
- blank verse
- What theme did all of Matrlowe's plays focus on?
- a single individual with overreaching ambitions for which he was willing to die
- What was Marlowe's occupation when he wrote TAmburlaine?
- student
- The play, Dr. Faustus, was based off what?
- a Germanic legend
- What two things did Shakespeare learn from Marlowe?
- how to focus on a powerful character and how to handle blank verse
- How much do we know about Shakespeare's life?
- very little
- In what century was the first biography of Shakespeare written?
- 18th century
- Who published the first biogrpahy of Shakespeare?
- Nicholas Rowe
- When was the first biography of Shakespeare published?
- 1709
- What was Rowe's biography was based on?
- hearsay
- Why did Rowe conclude that Shakespeare was ignorant due to a lack of education?
- Shakespeare often neglected the Greek unities of place and time
- Did Shakespeare attend Cambridge?
- No
- Where was Shakespeare educated?
- at the well-endowed grammer school in Stratford, which was offered so that the children of the town could be educated free of charge
- What year was Shakespeare christened?
- 1564
- Who is the patron saint of England?
- St. George
- Shakespeare's birthday (and deathday) is usually fixed at April 23, which is also known as _____.
- St. George's Day
- Whom did Shakespeare marry?
- Anne Hathaway
- How many children did Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway have?
- 3
- About how old was Shakespeare when he traveled to London?
- about 20 years old
- What are the names of Shakespeare's two long narrative poems?
- Venus and Adonis, and The Rape of Lucece
- Who is Venus and Adonis dedicated to?
- Shakespeare's patron, the Earl of Southampton
- Who is The Rape of Lucece dedicated to?
- Shakespeare's patron, the Earl of Southampton
- Why did London theatres close from 1591-1593?
- the outbreak of the plague
- What was the name of Shakespeare's acting company?
- Lord Chamberlain's Men
- Who was the patron of the Lord Chamberlain's Men?
- Queen Elizabeth, and later King James
- After King James ascended the thrown, what did the Lord Chamberlain's Men change their name to?
- the King's Men
- About how many plays did Shakespeare produce?
- an average of 2 a year, for 20 years
- When did Shakespeare die?
- 1616
- Who did acting companies registered their playbooks with to prevent pirating?
- Stationers' Register
- How many of Shakespeare's plays were published without his permission during his lifetime?
- 16
- What types of plays are included in Shakespeare's first group?
- early comedies and his first cycle of history plays
- What types of plays are included in Shakespeare's second group?
- the great comedies, the second history cycle, and Romeo and Juliet
- What plays are included in Shakespeare's third group?
- the seven great tragedies and the problem plays
- What types of plays are included in the fourth group?
- the Romances
- What is the most famous of Shakespeare's romance works?
- The Tempest
- What three things did Shakespeare and his contemporaries do to put their own stamp on tragedy?
- developed a more loosely structured plot (included subplots); a larger cast of characters; mixed serious and comic elements;
- What is parallelism?
- a sentence style in which sentence elements that are alike in function are also alike in grammatical form
- What is an anaphora?
- the repetition of an identical word or group of words in successive clauses
- What is hyperbole?
- exaggeration for the sake of rhetorical effect
- What is an allusion?
- a referene to someone or something outside the work; allusions can be made to a historical or literay character or event
- What is litotes?
- an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite
- What is a tragic hero?
- a character of high stature who moves from prosperity to adversity through some mistake in judgment
- Define "catharsis"
- audience's feeling of exaltation at the end of tragedy when emotions of pity and tragedy have been aroused and purged
- Define "hamartia"
- error in judgment by tragic hero that leads to his/her downfall
- Define "hubris"
- tragic hero's excessive pride and self-confidence
- What is the peripeteia?
- the tragic hero's reversal of fortune
- What is the anagnorisis?
- the tragic hero's moment of enlightenment
- Where is Antony & Cleopatra set?
- Rome, Alexandria, Athens, Parthia, and Sicily
- How many scenes does Antony and Cleopatra have?
- 42
- What are the major themes of Antony & Cleopatra (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)?
- politics, leadership, love, youth and age, passion and responsibility, fickleness of the crowd
- Define "litotes"
- an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite
- Describe Antony (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)?
- great soldier, torn between power and Cleopatra
- Describe Cleopatra (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab?
- fascinating and cunning, regal in the end
- Describe Octavius Caesar (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- competent and ruthless
- Describe Octavia (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- used as a political pawn, gentle and kind
- Describe Charmian and Iras(according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- loyal to Cleopatra
- Describe Enobarbus (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- cynical commentator on the action
- Describe Lepidus (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- weak but well-intentioned triumvir
- Describe Pompey (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- ambitious but weak
- Describe Ventidius (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- Antony's lieutenant in Parthia
- Describe Benedick (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- confirmed bachelor, scornful of love, witty
- Describe Beatrice (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- scornful of love and marriage; witty and kind
- Describe Claudio (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- brave and impulsive soldier
- Describe Hero (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- beautiful and conventional, falsely accused
- Describe Margaret (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- maid to Hero who unwittingly joins plot against her
- Describe Don Pedro (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- aristocratic Spaniard visiting Messina
- Describe Leonato (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- father of Hero
- Describe Don John (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- bastard brother of Don Pedro
- Describe Borachio (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- devises plot against Hero for money
- Describe Dogberry, Verges and the Watch (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- comic relief, hold clue to the play's resolution
- Describe Friar Francis (according to the USAD Lang/Lit tab)
- priest who recognized Hero's innocence and comes up with a plan to save her
- When was Antony & Cleopatra entered into the Stationers' Register?
- 1608
- Where did Shakespeare find his material for tragedy?
- in the heroic past, like his Greek predecessors
- What is the paradox of tragedy?
- The paradox of tragedy is that the heroes and heroines are knowingly undone by their most admirable traits.
- What causes the downfall of Antony and Cleopatra?
- their transcendent love and devotion to each other
- Why does Shakespeare usually not permit the suicide of his tragic heroes?
- He is mindful fo Christian doctrine. The only exception to this was in his Roman tragedies, because he can't rewrite history and in ancient Rome, suicide was considered the honorable course.
- Why does Shakespeare offer little explanation of the events in Antony & Cleopatra?
- Because the historical background of Antony & Cleopatra would have been well known to the audience of Shakespeare's day
- What are the names of the three triumvirs in Antony & Cleopatra?
- Antony, Octavious Caesar, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
- What land did Antony control?
- the eastern provinces
- What land did Octavius control?
- the western provinces
- What land di Lepidus control?
- Africa
- The action of Antony and Cleopatra covers what period of (historical) time?
- 40 to 30 BC
- Who threatens the security of the triumvirate?
- Pompey
- When did the Battle of Actium take place?
- 31 BC
- After Antony and Cleopatra both died, what did Octavius Caesar do?
- He returned to Rome, took the title of Augustus, and reigned as Rome's first emporer until 14 AD
- What was Shakespeare's main source of information for Antony & Cleopatra?
- Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans by Plutarch
- Who was likely the translator of the edition of Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans Shakespeare used when researching Antony & Cleopatra?
- Sir Thomas North
- How does Shakespeare's rendition of Antony & Cleopatra different from Plutarch's?
- Shakespeare's attitude is different, giving the description of Cleopatra in Cydnus to the cynical Enobarbus
- In what ways are Virgil's Aeneid and Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra alike?
- both have aspects of a historical chronical as they follow a hero through a series of incidents, including his dallying with a North African queen
- Why did early critics attack Antony & Cleopatra's apparently haphazard construction of the play?
- Because the early critics were aware of the Greek unities of time, place, and even action, which Shakespeare completely ignored.
- In Antony & CLeopatra, what purpose does the apparent messiness of the rapid changes of short scenes serve?
- It enhances major themes (such as the contrast between stern and disciplined Rome and the luxurious pleasures of Egypt.)
- In what scene do messengers first appear in Antony & Cleopatra?
- the first scene (a messenger arrives from Rome)
- What purpose do messengers serve?
- their news advances the plot and their treatment reveals characters' personality traits
- Why did Shakespeare mix comedy with tragdy?
- He understood that comedy and tragedy are not clearly separated in real-life situations.
- "Shakespeare's tragedies usually contain ghosts, soothsayers, omens, or other supernatural elements." Which of those supernatural elements are found in Antony & Cleopatra?
- soothsayer & omens; the soothsayer interprets the swallows nesting in Cleopatra's boats as a bad omen
- Define "synecdoche." (pronounced sin-ek'-doe-key)
- the use of the part for the whole; i.e. hired hands, head of cattle
- Define "apostrophe."
- the direct address of an abstraction or a person not present
- Define "syntax."
- the way words, phrases, and clauses are combined to form sentences; (i.e. sentence structure, and word order)
- What is an epic?
- an extended narrative of a nation's heroic past
- What is lyric poetry?
- a type of poetry expressing the speaker's personal thoughts or feelings; usually short;
- What is narrative poetry?
- non-dramatic verse that tells a story
- What is dramatic poetry?
- poetry where a character speaks
- What is a dramatic monologue?
- a poem in which the poet assumes the persona of one character and spaks through him/her
- In poetry, what is meter?
- a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
- Define "rhyme."
- repetition of accented vowel sound at the end of a line
- Define "masculine rhyme."
- rhyme involving only one syllable
- Define "feminine rhyme."
- rhyme involving more than one syllable
- Define "internal rhyme."
- rhyme in the middle of the line, rhyming with word at the end of the line
- Define "eye rhyme."
- rhyming that depends on spelling rather than sound
- Define "slant rhyme."
- inexact rhyme
- Define "blank verse."
- unrhymed iambic pentameter
- What are couplets?
- pairs of rhyming lines
- What are heroic couplets?
- couplets in iambic pentameter
- What are closed couplets?
- couplets that form complete sentences ending in periods or semi-colons
- What does it mean when a poem is "end-stopped?"
- describes lines of poetry that end with a period or semi-colon
- What is enjambment?
- continuation of the sense of one line to another without a grammatical pause
- What is free verse?
- verse without rhyme or a regular metrical pattern
- What is a stanza?
- a group of lines whose metrical pattern is repeated throughout the poem
- What is a ballad?
- a narrative poem originally designed to be sung
- What is a ballad stanza?
- a quatrain of alternate iambic tetrametera nd trimeter lines, rhyming abab
- What is rhyme royal?
- a seven-line stanza in iambic pentameter rhyming ababbcc
- What is a sonnet?
- a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a complicated rhyme scheme
- What is a Petrarchan sonnet?
- a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter rhyming abba abba cdecde
- What is an English sonnet?
- a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter rhyming abba abba cddc ee
- What is a Shakespearean sonnet?
- a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter rhyming abab cdcd efef gg
- What is a Spenserian sonnet?
- a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter rhyming abab bcbc cdcd ee
- What is alliteration?
- the repetition of initial consonants
- What is assonance?
- repetition of vowel sounds, usually in stressed syllables
- What is consonance?
- repetition of consonant sounds that are preceded by different vowel sounds
- What is onomatopoeia?
- direct verbal imitation of natural sounds
- What is an aubade?
- a song of regret sung by lovers who must part at dawn
- What is an epic simile?
- an elaborate extended simile
- What is a caesura?
- a natural rhythmic pause in a line of verse
- What is inversion?
- reversing the natural word order to accommodate meter or rhyme
- What is Metaphysical Conceit?
- extended comparison of objects that are dissimilar
- What is an ode?
- a longer lyric poem on a serious subject
- What is pathetic fallacy?
- attributing human emotions to inanimate objects
- What is substitution?
- the use of a foot other than the one demanded by the meter (usually trochaic for iambic at the beginning of a line)
- What is a transferred epithet?
- an adjective used to describe a noun to which it doesn't usually apply
- Which of our short selection pieces did Sir Thomas Wyatt write?
- "They Flee From Me That Sometime Did Me Seek"
- What are the birth/death dates for Sir Thomas Wyatt?
- 1503-1542
- What are Wyatt's notable accomplishments?
- courtier and diplomat; discovered sonnet and blank verse in Italy; experimented with form and meter; used Petrarchan themes
- Which of our short selection pieces did Edmund Spenser write?
- Sonnet LIIII
- What are the birth/death dates for Edmund Spenser?
- c.1552 - 1599
- What are Spenser's notable accomplishments?
- experimented with meter; The Faerie Queene; Spenserian stanza; Spenserian sonnet
- Which of our short selection pieces did Christopher Marlowe write?
- "The Passionate Shepherd to his Love"
- What are the birth/death dates for Christopher Marlowe?
- c.1564 - 1593
- What are Marlowe's notable accomplishments?
- early tragedies; translations of Ovid; Hero and Leander; pastoral poetry
- Which of our short selections did William Shakespeare write?
- Sonnet 30
- What are the birth/death dates for Shakespeare?
- 1564-1616
- What are Shakespeare's notable accomplishments?
- tragedies and comedies; narrative poems; sonnets; variety of themes
- Which of our short selection pieces was written by John Donne?
- The Sun Rising
- What are the birth/death dates for Donne?
- 1572-1631
- What are John Donne's notable accomplishments?
- Dean of St. Paul's; sermons and meditations; religious and love poems; emotion and intellect; neutral style
- Which of our short selection pieces was written by Francis Bacon?
- Of Travel
- What are the birth/death dates for Francis Bacon?
- 1561-1626
- What are Bacon's accomplishments?
- statesman and philosopher; arrest for bribery; essays and longer prose works; Latinate style
- Who wrote "They Flee From Me That Sometime Did Me Seek?"
- Sir Thomas Wyatt
- Who wrote Sonnet LIIII?
- Edmund Spenser
- Who wrote "The Passionate Shepherd to his Love"
- Christopher Marlowe
- Who wrote Sonnet 30?
- William Shakespeare
- Who wrote "The Sun Rising?"
- John Donne
- Who wrote "Of Travel?"
- Francis Bacon
- Who wrote The Faerie Queene?
- Edmund Spenser
- What are the major themes of Much Ado About Nothing?
- deception, love, noting
- What is the setting of Much Ado About Nothing?
- Messina, Sicily, soon after the war; action lasts just over a week
- Why are Lepidus and Octavius concerned about Antony spending time in Egypt?
- The stability of the known world depends on the strength and cooperation of the three men, therefore Antony's conduct is not merely personal, but can affect the stability of the empire.
- Which character in Antony & Cleopatra is hugely popular with his men for his conviviality, his generosity, and his sharing of his solderis' hardships?
- Antony
- Which character in Antony & Cleopatra is calculatingly efficient?
- Octavius
- How do Antony & Cleopatra express their love for one another in the play?
- through magnificent speeches
- How old is Octavius at the time of the action within Antony & Cleopatra?
- 23
- How old is Cleopatra at the time of the action within Antony & Cleopatra?
- 29
- Name Antony's two wives.
- Fulvia & Octavia
- Whose lead does Antony follow in the Battle of Actium?
- Cleopatra's
- How does Shakespeare's Antony compare to Plutarch's Antony?
- Shakespeare's treatment of Antony is kinder whereas Plutarch took a more moralistic approach and paused to praise or blame
- How does Shakespeare portray Antony? (less-than-life, life-sized, larger-than-life)
- larger than life
- What is the attitude of Antony's officers in the first scene of the play?
- disappointment in his declining soldiership as a result of his obsession with Cleopatra
- Which of Antony's servants deserts him after the Battle of Actium?
- Enobarbus
- How does Antony's losing the Battle of Actium demonstrate the integrity of his character?
- It shows his commitment to Cleopatra even when such action will bring about his own destruction
- How many scenes of Antony's debauchery are dramatically presented?
- none
- Do Antony's officers make derogatory comments about Antony's lifestyle (his "gaudy nights"?
- no
- What does Antony believe represents "the nobleness of life?"
- feasting and revelry
- Which character makes the most derogatory comments about Antony's lifestyle?
- Octavius
- Which author describes Antony's cruelty in more detail, Plutarch or Shakespeare?
- Plutarch
- Who does Antony compare the love he shares with Cleopatra with?
- the love of Dido and Aeneas
- Where does Antony die?
- in Cleopatra's arms
- Who dies first, Antony or Cleopatra?
- Antony
- What does Antony NOT do upon hearing that Cleopatra's death is a trick?
- he does not berate her
- Where does Shakespeare get his information for the character of Cleopatra?
- Plutarch
- Does Antony's facination with Cleopatra depend on her beauty?
- no
- Who is Isis?
- an Egyptian goddess
- As Antony is dying, how does he address Cleopatra?
- as the embodiment of Egypt: "I am dying, Egypt, dying" (IV, xv, 22)
- What is Cleopatra the expert of?
- self-presentation
- When Cleopatra arrives at Cydnus for her first meeting with Antony, who do both Plutarch and Shakespeare compare her to?
- Venus
- Who does Cleopatra become envious of?
- Octavia, Antony's second wife
- Who had Cleopatra had affairs with before having an affair with Antony?
- Julius Caesar and Gnaius Pompey (the older brother of the Pompey who appears in our play)
- Do Antony and Cleopatra view their love realistically or idealistically?
- idealistically
- Who does Cleopatra compare Antony to in Act I, Scene 5?
- Atlas, she describes Antony as "the demi-Atlas of this earth" (I,v,85; I,v,28)
- Why did Cleopatra decide to kill herself with asps?
- she decided it would be quick and painless
- Who does Cleopatra check with before killing herself to see what Caesar's plans for her are?
- Proculeius and Dolabella
- What are Cleopatra's last words?
- "Husband, I come!" (V,ii,342)
- What did Shakespeare do to emphasize the contrast between Antony & Cleopatra?
- modified Plutarch's account of Antony & Cleopatra, and he also modified other characters
- How is Octavius Caesar presented by Shakespeare?
- coldly political man with no personal appetites and a steady mind
- What was Caesar's most coldly political act?
- arranging the marraige of his sister Octavia to Antony in order to achieve a truce
- Is Caesar cynical or optimistic of human nature?
- cynical
- Of the three triumvirs, who always wins in sports and games of chance?
- Octavius Caesar
- Who's good fortune does Shakespeare use to contrast with Antony's fate?
- Octavius Caesar