Chapter 15 & 16 Vocabulary
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Proletariat
- Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries
- Frederick the Great
- Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy
- Isaac Newton
- English scientist during the 17th century; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity
- Absolute monarchy
- Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies
- Deism
- Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun
- Renaissance
- Cultural and political movement in western Europe; began in Italy about 1400 CE; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages
- Francis I
- King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor
- Thirty Years War
- War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia
- Adam Smith
- Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces
- Portugal, Castile, and Aragon
- regional kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula; pressed reconquest of peninula from Muslims; developed vigorous military and religious agendas
- Copernicus
- Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe
- Protestantism
- General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varietes of religious belief
- John Locke
- English philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason; argued that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants
- Treaty of Westphalia
- Ended Thirty Year's War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion: either Protestant or Catholic
- Ethnocentrism
- the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture; often entails the belief that one's own race or ethnic group is the most important
- Niccolo Machiavelli
- Author of The Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of Italian Renaissance
- Louis XIV
- French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy
- Humanism
- Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages
- Ming Dynasty
- Empire that lasted from 1368 to 1644; followed the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty (begun by the Mongols)
- Johannes Kepler
- German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, and key figure in the 17th century Scientific revolution; known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion
- European-style Family
- Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married
- Ottoman Empire
- Empire that lasted from 1299-1923. Began with Mongols and led to Turkish rule.
- Black Death
- One of the deadliest pandemics in human history; originated in China or Central Asia and spread all over Eurasia; wiped out 30-60% of Europe's population
- Mercantilism
- an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of trade is "unchangeable"
- English Civil War
- Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
- Scientific Revolution
- Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change of traditional beliefs of Middle Ages
- Glorious Revolution
- English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king
- Edict of Nantes
- Grant of tolerance to protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions.
- Italian Renaissance
- Opening phase of the Renaissance; Renaissance most well known in this part
- Enlightenment
- Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featued scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior
- Witchcraft hysteria
- Reflected resentment against poor, uncertanties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas
- Johannes Gutenburg
- introduced movable type to western Europe greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets
- Jean Calvin
- French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America
- Northern Renaissance
- Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance around 1450 CE; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance
- Francesco Petrarch
- One of the major literary figures of the Western Renaissance; an Italian author and humanist
- Ibn-Rushd
- Andalusian polymath; founder of secular thought in Western Europe
- John Harvey
- English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump.
- Henry The Navigator
- Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of Western European expansion
- Martin Luther
- German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church
- Galileo
- Published Copernicus' findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women
- Jesuits
- A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia
- Cheng Ho
- Famous Chinese admiral; explored Indian Ocean and Western Pacific with seven voyages of the "Treasure Fleet"
- Catholic Reformation
- restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs
- Anglican Church
- Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death
- Rene Descartes
- Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature
- Vivaldi Brothers
- Two Genoese brothers who attempted to find a Western route to the "Indies"; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic