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Chapter 10

Terms

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Wars of the Roses
This was a war b/w the House of York and the House of Lancaster. This internal conflict in England led to political problems after it. This war lasted from 1455-1485. It got its name b/c York used a white rose for its symbol and Lancaster used a red rose.
Cosimo de
He was the wealthiest Florentine of his time. He brought stability to Florence by manipulating the constitution and influencing elections. He was the head of the office of Public Debt, so he was able to favor congenial factions; and through relationships and connections w/ the electoral committee, he was able to keep councillors loyal to him in the Signoria. He was also the grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent.
Thomas More
He was a friend of Erasmus, and he is probably the most famous English humanist. He was the author of the book "Utopia." He did not agree w/ the Act of Supremacy, which made the king of England the head of the church instead of the pope. He also did not recognized King Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn. As a result of his views on both situations, he was beheaded in July 1535.
Guelf and Ghibelline factions
They were two groups created by the endemic warfare b/w the pope and the HRE. The first group was propapal and the second group was proimperial. Their creation helped spur the growth of Italian cities and urban culture.
Louis XI
He was the ruthless ruler of France who gained a lot of land for France. He acquired Burgundy when Charles the Bold was killed in battle in 1477. This also ended the constant threat of Burgundians attacking France. It also allowed him to rule freely. He also added his own Angevin inheritence. By the end of his reign, France was double in size.
Joanna "the Mad"
She was the eldest daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand. She married Archduke Philip, the son of Emperor Maxamillion I. Her son was the first ruler over a united Spain.
Amerigo Vespucci
He was the explorer who established that the New World was not east Asia, but an entirely new continent. He sailed to the Americas in 1497 to verify Columbus' claims.
Renaissance
This was the revival of ancient learning and the supplanting of traditional religious beliefs by new secular and scientific values that began in Italy in the late 1300s.
Bosworth Field
This was where Richard III was defeated in Aug. 1485 by Henry Tudor and his forces.
Council of Ferrera-Florence
This was an ecumenical council that was called in 1439. The purpose of it was to negotiate the reunion b/w the East and Western churches. This council allowed many Greek works and scholars to enter the West , b/c Greek scholars fled to Florence after the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453.
Bartholomeu Dias
In 1487, he rounded the Cape of Good Hope. By doing this, he opened the Portuguese empire to the East.
Alexander VI
He was the pope who helped French king Louis XII by granting him a divorce, giving him land, and giving him military aid. He helped the french king b/c he wanted to regain control over the French lands. He also openly promoted the political careers of his bastard children.
Court of the Star Chamber
Created w/ the sanction of Parliament in 1487, this court was intended to end the perversion of English justice by powerful nobles who used intimidation and bribery to win favorable verdicts in court cases. This court had the king's councilors as judges, and they were not moved by those tactics.
Decameron
Written by Giovanni Boccaccio, this was a series of 100 stories told by 3 men and 7 women in country retreat from the plague. This collection of stories is both a stinging social commentary and a sympathetic look at human behavior.
Julius II
He was a pope who strongly opposed Alexander VI. He suppressed the Borgias and placed their newly acquired lands in Romagna under papal jurisdiction. He came to be known as the "warrior pope," b/c he brot the papacy to a peak of military pwr and diplomatic intrigue.
Desiderius Erasmus
Called "prince of the humanists." He was educated by the Bros of the Common Life. He left them and went to live in a monastic community, which he hated. He then left that to go study theology at the university in Paris. Initially, he earned a living by tutoring when patrons were scarce. His first famous work was Colloquies, in which he wrote how to live and speak well. He was an avid collector of proverbs, and published his collection in his work "Adages." He aspired to unite the classical ideals of humanity and the civic virtue w/ the Christian ideals of love and piety. He produced a Greek edition of the N. Testament. He applied his ideals to everyday life. His theories are referred to as philosophia Christi.
Diplomacy
This came about because of the political probs and warfare in Italy. City-states began to form alliances and talkk to each other about military advancements. They also est. resident embassies. Ambassadors represented their city states in ceremonies and negotiations; the ambassadors also surveillanced rival courts.
"BLACK legend"
This was an exaggeration of the treatment of the natives by the Spanish. This stated that all Spanish treatment of the natives was inhumane and unprincipled. It was true to some extent.
encomienda
This was a formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians for a particular period of time. The Spanish monarchs feared holders of this would become a powerful independent nobility in the New World, so they slowly stopped it.
Treaty of Lodi
This treaty brot Milan and Naples, two bitter enemies, into alliance w/ Florence. These three cities battled against Venice and the Papal states for decades. The treaty was created and signed b/w 1454 and 1455.
Tomas de Torquemada
He was Isabella's confessor, and was appointed to run the Inquisition by her.
Leon Battista Alberti
He was an architect who was another notable humanist.
School of Athens
This is Raphael's most famous painting. Critics have said that it is the perfect example of Renaissance technique.
Pico della Mirandola
He was a child prodigy. He wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man. He praised human's divinely granted wisdom and free will. His form of humanism was Christian humanism, b/c he believed everything was grounded in God.
conversos
This was the name given to Jews in Spain who converted to Catholicism.
Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros
He was confessor to Queen Isabella, and was appointed Grand Inquisititor in 1508. He founded the University of Alcala in 1509, printed a Greek edition of the N.Testament, and translated many religious tracts designed to reform clerical life and better direct lay piety. His greatest achievement was the Complutensian Polyglot Bible, which placed the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin bibles in parallel columns.
virtu
The ability to act decisively and heroically for the good of one's country.
Christine de Pisan
She was a French writer who turned to writing lyric poetry to support herself when her husband died when she was 27. She was one of the first feminist writers.
Isabella of Castile
She was the Queen of Castile. By marrying the King of Aragon, she helped unify Castile and Aragon in a dynastic way. She was a major advocate for the conversion of the Jews and Muslims in Spain. She also supported C. Columbus' trip across the Atlantic Ocean to find a quicker route to E. Asia and India.
Platonism
Philosophy of Plato that posits preexistent Ideal Forms of which all earthly things are imperfect models.
Ferdinand of Aragon
He was the King of Aragon. He married the Queen of Castile, and as a result, bonded the two states dynastically but not constitutionally. He helped harmonize Spain both politically and religiously, he secured Spain's borders by conquering the kingdom of Navarre, and he ventured aboard militarily.
Visconti family
They came to power in Milan as despots in 1278.
Moriscos
This was the name given to Muslims is Spain who converted to Catholicism.
Atahualpa
He was the Inca's ruler. He was seized by Francisco Pizarro's forces and was executed.
Potosi
This town in Peru was a prominent mining center for the conquistadors.
creoles
This was the nickname in the New World given to people who were of Spanish decent but born in America.
Leonardo Bruni
He was a Florentine who first gave the name "humanitas" to the study of humanism. He was a student of Manuel Chrysoloras. In addition, he served as a chancellor in Florence, Italy. He used his rhetorical skillz to rally the Florentines agenst the aggression of Naples and Milan. He wrote adulatory histories of Florence.
repartimiento
This social device required adult Indian males to annually devote a certain number of days of work to Spanish economic enterprises. This service was often harsh and some Indians did not survive their work period. The men would usually work in mines or on the fields.
Bartolome de Las Casas
He was a Dominican who criticized the harsh conditions imposed on the native peoples of the New World. He also said that conquest was not needed for conversion of the natives.
Dante Alighieri
He wrote Vita Nuova and "Divine Comedy." His writings helped set the foundation for Italian vernacular in lit.
Aztecs
These were people who set up a civilization in Mexico in the 12th century. At their peak, they controlled almost all of central Mexico. They demanded heavy tribute in goods and labor from their subjects, and they sacrificed many people to the gods.
chiaroscuro
The use of shading to enhance naturalness in painting and drawing
Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples
He was a biblical authority who was one of the leaders of French humanism. His wrx exemplified the new critical scholarship and influenced Martin Luther.
Masaccio
He was a painter who continued Giotto's style of painting, by portraying the world in a literal and natural way. He is considered one of the first Renaissance artists.
Leonardo Da Vinci
He was the epitome of a Renaissance man. He is recognized as one of the best painters ever. He was a military engineer for Ludovico il Moro, Casare Borgia, and Frech king Francis I. He was also very intelligent. He dissected humans and built the foundation for most of the knowledge of anatomy today. He was also an inventor, and he drew plans for a "flying machine," and a submarine. His msot famous wrx are Mona Lisa, Virgin of the Rox, and the Last Supper.
Vasco da Gama
He reached the coast of India in 1498. He returned to Portugal w/ a cargo worth 60x the cost of the trip.
Vita Nuova
This was a work by Dante Alighieri that was written in Italian instead of Latin.
Donatello
He was a sculptor who portrayed the world around him in a natural and literal way.One of his most famous works is his sculpture of David standing on the head of Goliath.
civic humanism
Education designed to promote humanist leadership of political and cultural life.
Golden Bull
This agreement b/w the HRE and the major German territorial rulers established a seven member electoral college consisting of German rulers to elect the HRE. This balanced the rights of the many (the 7 members) against the power of the emperor.
Venice
This was one of the only Italian cities that did not become a despotism in the 15th cent. Instead, it was ruled by a successful merchant oligarchy w/ power located in a patrician senate of 300 members, and a judicial body called the Council of Ten that anticipated and suppressed rival groups.
Francisco Pizarro
He landed on the west coast of S. America in 1532. He took on the Incans, and beat them by killing their leader and capturing the Incan capital of Cuzco.
condottieri
Despots used these military brokers to provide the Italian states with mercenary armies.
Christopher Columbus
He was the man who set sail from Spain in 1492 in search of a shorter route to East Asia. Instead he landed in San Salvador and discovered the New World.
Hernan Cortes
In 1519, he landed in Mexico w/ about 500 men and a few horses. He talked to the Aztec leader Moctezuma, who was unsure about this man. He then formed an alliance w/ the Aztec's enemy Tlaxcala, and marched on Tenochittalen and seized Moctezuma. After being driven out of Tenochtitlan, he returned and defeated the Aztecs in 1521. He then built his own capital over Tenochtitlan's ruins and proclaimed the Aztec Empire to be New Spain.
Henry the Navigator
He was a Portuguese prince who sponsored the Portuguese exploration of the African coast. He wanted to become involved w. the gold trade, which the Muslims had dominated for centuries. By the end of the 1400s, gold from Guinea was entering Europe thru Lisbon, and Antwerp, rather than by the traditional Arab land routes.
Oration on the Dignity of Man
This work, by Pico della Miandola, is regarded as the most famous Renaissance statement on the nature of humankind. It drew on Platonic teaching to depict humans as the only creatures on earth who possessed free will and could chose to become angels or pigs.
Inquisition
This was an org. created by Isabella in 1479. Its purpose was to monitor the activity of conversos and Moriscos. This agency led the persecution of Jews in 1492.
Baldassare Castiglione
He was an Italian courtier and author. He taught many men how to become the ideal Renaissance Man with his "Book of the Courtier."
printing press
This was created in 1439 by Johann Guttenberg in Mainz, Germany. This helped spread the works and ideas Renaissance all across Europe. This also helped increase literacy and made education easier. It also allowed people to state their opinions to more people than ever
Brothers of the Common Life
This was a lay religious movement that began in the Netherlands that allowed men and women to live a shared religious life w/o making formal vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
Mannerism
This was a style of art in the mid to late 1500s that allowed artists to express their own feelings in contrast to the symmetry and simplicity of the art of the High Renaissance.
Concordat of Bologna
This was won by the French in Aug, 1516. W/ this win, the French king got control over the french clergy in exchange for French recognition fo the pope's superiority over church councils and his rite to collect annates in France.
Sforza family
This family came to power in Milan as despots in 1450. They allied Milan w/ Florence, and helped make the city one the most powerful cities in Europe. Along w/ the Visconti family, they converted Milan to a dukedom.
City of Ladies
This book, by Christine de Pisan, was about the accomplishments of women in history. It was one of the first feminist works.
Tenochtitlan
This was where modern day Mexico City is now. This was the capital city of the Aztec Empire, and was located on an island at the center of a lake.
hacienda
A large landed estate in Spanish America owned by people born in Spain or America born Spanish people
Reichstag
This was a national assembly of the seven electors and representatives of the 65 imperial free cities.
Michelangelo
He was an artist who epitomized the Rennaissance artists. His sculpture of David showed perfect proportions, perfect symmetry, and it glorified the human form. As he got older, he turned to a mannerist style of painting. His most famous worx are his frescos for the Sistine Chapel.
Studia humanitatis
This was a liberal arts program of study advocated by humanists that embraced grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy. Studying these subjects was a joy to the humanist, and seen as celebrating the dignity of humankind and preparing people for a life of virtuous action.
Humanism
This was the scholarly study of the Roman and Greek classics and of the ancient Church Fathers. These were studied for both education and in the hope of a rebirth of ancient norms and values.
Ferdinand Magellan
He was an explorer who embarked on a voyage in 1518 in search of a westward route to the East Indies. He died while on that voyage, in the Philippines.
Francesco Petrarch
He is called the "father of humanism." He studied at university of law in Bologna, but he left because he preferred poetry over law. He was one of the first humanists, and lit the way for many other men after him. He was one of the first to search for ancient Roman writings, and to write works in ancient Latin rather than church latin. His most famous work was a collection of love sonnets to a woman that he admired named Laura. In 1341, he became the first Poet Laureate.
Manuel Chrysoloras
He was a Byzantine scholar who taught about the Greek world and culture. He taught Bruni, and many other Italians when he taught in Florence b/w 1397 and 1403.
Lorenzo the Magnificent
He ruled Florence in a totalitarian fashion. His brother was assassinated by the Pazzi family, who plotted w/ the pope to take down the Medici rule. The assassination made him a careful, but strong ruler.
Ciompi revolt
1378, In Florence, poor people revolted b/c their lives became unbearable due to: the feuding b/w the gradi and the popolo grosso; the social anarchy caused by the Plague, b/c it cut Florence Florence's pop. in half; and the collapse of the banking houses of Bradi and Peruzzi left the poor more economically vulnerable than ever.
linear perspective
Adjusting the size of figures in a painting to give the viewer a feeling of continuity w/ the painting.
Niccolo Machiavelli
He was a humanist who took humanist teachings to the extreme. He was an avid reader of ancient Roman texts, and admired the Romans strong sense of nationalism. He condemned Italy's internal feuding. He believed that strong and determined people could overcome poverty. He was very cynical, and his writings were too. He was the author of "The Prince," where he described the way a ruler must rule in order to be successful.
Book of the Courtier
This was a book written by Castiglione. In it, he epitomized the main ideas of Italian humanism. It said a successful man was one who could integrate knowledge of ancient languages and history w/ athletic, musical, and military skillz, all while being polite and exhibiting a high moral character.
Divine Comedy
This was an epic poem writen by Dante Alighieri. In the poem, Dante travels through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven.
The Prince
In this book, Machiavelli describes how a ruler must rule in order to be successful. He described a world where everybody, in every class, is determined to better his/her own life at all costs. Machiavelli states that successful rulers must suppress, reward supporters w/ high ranking offices in the gov., manipulate laws to improve their own image, and institute gov. deception.
Lorenzo Valla
He was the author of the "Elegances of the Lating Language," He helped expose the Donation of Constantine, and he supported the Protestants and was an advocate of predestination.
Catherine of Aragon
She was the 2nd daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand. She married English King Henry VII's son Arthur. After his death, She forced to marry his brother King Henry VIII of England. Their divorce was a key event in the emergence of the Anglican church and the English reformation.
Raphael
He was an Italian artist who was famous for his madonnas. He painted the fresco "The School of Athens."
Adages
This was a work by Erasmus that, in its final edition, had over 5000 phrases and proverbs. This work popularized ancient and, then, contemporary proverbs by putting them in words that the general public could understand and remember.
Giotto
In the 14th century, he painted a more natural world than the Byzantines and Gothics. He is regarded as one of the first Renaissance artists.
Utopia
This was a book by T.More in which he conservatively criticizes contemporary society, and describes what he thought would be the perfect society. This society would be based on reason and tolerance. Social and political injustices would be nonexistent b/c all property and goods would be owned by everybody, and people would have to earn their bread by their own work.
pennisulares
This was the nick name in the New World given to people who were born in Spain
Marsilio Ficino
He was the foudner of the Platonic school at Athens. He also translated and published the complete worx of Plato,
gabelle and alcabala
These were two types of taxes that were used to collect money from the rich. The first was a salt tax that was used in France, and the second was a 10% sales tax on commercial trasactions used in Spain.
Girolamo Savonarola
He was a Dominican preacher who convinced most of the Florintines that French king Charles VIII's arrival was a long-delayed and fully justified divine vengence on their immorality.
conquistadors
These were the Spanish conquerors of the New World. They mined gold and silver in the New World, and this gave them a great deal of wealth.
Francesco Guicciardini
He was a Florentine humanist who wrote truer chronicles of Florintine and Italian history than Machiavelli.
Giovanni Boccaccio
He was a student of Francesco Petrarch. He wrote Decameron, and he assembled an encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology.
philosophia Christi
This was the phrase used by Erasmus to summarize his beliefs. This ideal was a simple, ethical piety in imitation of Christ. It also sharply contrasted the religious practices, which he regarded as dogmatic, ceremonial, and factious, of the late Middle Ages.
Florentine Platonic Academy
This was a gathering of Florentine humanists who were interested in the works of Plato and the Neoplatonists: Plotinus, Proclus, Porphyry, and Dionysius.

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