History Final exam 2006
Terms
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- Market Economy
- Plenty of goods for lowest price possible
- Physiocrat
- Economic Theorist that argued about old mecantalist ides about weath
- Free trade
- the flow of commerce in the world market wthout government regulation
- Supply
- quantity available
- Demand
- need
- Executive
- carried out laws of the state
- Legislative
- made laws
- Judicial
- judges of the court
- seperation of powers
- the division of power in to three branches
- Smith
- professor at the University of Edenburgh, devoted to philiosophical questions
- Montesquieu
- french noble, devoted himself toteh study of political liberty, came up with the idea of seperation of powers
- Rousseau
- writer of essays, a social contract and a book on government
- enlightenment
- the period spanning the middle years of the eighteenth century (1720 to 1790), when scholars believed in the use of reason and the scientific method
- philosophe
- 'thinkers' that set forth the idea that people could apply reason in everyday life
- Salon
- social gatherings in paris
- baroque
- music of the late 1600's and early 1700's, it means 'odd' in french. noted for its drama and complexity
- newton
- dscovered the law of gravity- his laws became the starting point for investigating everything in nature
- voltaire
- francais marie arouet. He was a writer, didnt like the french monarchy. Much of his work mocked french laws and customs. He wrote Candide
- Marie Therese Geoffrin
- most influential of the Salon hostesses, also contributed a lot of money to the encyclopedia
- Encyclopedia
- Diderots books of the most current and enlightened thinking about science, art, literature, government...etc.
- Diderot
- wrote the encyclopedia, 27 editions (banned after 27 but still made a 28th edition)
- Preistly
- separated gas from air and breathed it (in england)
- Lavoisier
- also separated gas from air (in france) but also named it oxygen
- Franklin
- discoverd electricity and many other inventions (spectacles...etc.)
- Cook
- explored the south pacific, reached austrailia, tahiti, new zealand, and hawaii and charted them (killed by native hawaiians)
- Bach
- one of the greatest barouqe composers
- Handel
- another one of the greatest baroque composers
- Haydn
- "father of the symphony" wrote superior symphonies for strings and woodwinds
- Mozart
- child prodigy who began cfomposing at 5, played for the king at 8, wrote his first opera at 12, died at 35 of poverty
- Beethoven
- considered by many one of the greatest european composers of all time
- enlightened despotism
- priciples which included favoring religious tolerance, making economic and legal refors, and justifying their rule by its usefulness to society rather than by divine right
- Frederick II
- Granted religious freedom to catholics and protestants but discriminated against polish and prussian jews, he reduced but did not abolish the use of stsorture in his kingdom, he allowed freedom of the press, and agreed that serfdom was wrong but did nothin about it because he needed the support of the landowners.
- Catherine II
- wanted to help the common people and free the serfs, but she got impatient and also a revolt broke out and she needed the nobles so she stopped with that reform. She expanded Russia by conquering the crimean peninsula on the black sea. Prticipated in the first partition of poland (Aus. Ru. Pru. occupied poland), the second and third and then what was left.
- Constitutional Monarchy
- The power of the ruler is limited by law
- Cabinet
- an executive comitee that acted in the rulers name but in reality reorestented the majority party of parliament. this resulved te danger of a stalemate if the crown and the parliament disagreeed. Also becomes on of Britains most durable institutions.
- Prime Minister
- The leader of the majority party in Parliament that headed the cabinet
- estates
- french classes
- bourgeoise
- a city-dwelling middle class that belonged to the third estate, some were as well educated and rich as nobles, they wore tight knee breeches called culottes
- sans-culottes
- the second group in the 3rd estate that was much more poor and poverty stricken so they wore baggy shirts baggy long pants that came down to their ankles, sans-culottes means those who are without knee breeches
- corvee
- a form of tax that was paid with work rather than money, the govt. required peasants to work without pay on govt. roads for a certain amount of days every year
- July 14th 1979
- the french national holiday, Bastille day, when the 3rd estate stormed the bastille and started the french rev.
- Bastille
- the prison that was stormed by the 3rd estate because they needed their gunpowder
- Louis XIV
- the king of france who had a very lavish life style and put the govt. in deep debt
- Old Regime
- Old institutions of monarchy and feudalism, it worked for the 1st and 2nd estate because they liked rights and spending money but it did not work for the 3rd estate because they had nothing
- Estates General
- Nobles that met with the king to decide upon the best thing for the country
- Marie Antoinette
- Louis Wife who everyone hated because she came from austria and she spent all the governments money on lavish dresses and jewels and expensive things for herself.
- National Assembly
- the people of the 3rd estate who wanted rights and took it into their own hands. they passed laws and refoms for themselves, and decided to get rid of absolute monarchy and begina rep. govt. first deliberate act of revolution.
- Great Fear
- a wave of panic created by rumors that the nobles were going to hire bringands to terrorize the peasants, but when nothing happend the peasants started terrorizing the nobles
- radical
- a person who wanted more and more rights
- emigres
- nobles who had fled during peasant uprising
- guillotine
- the machine designed to execute people, it was put to great use during the revolution exocuting hundreds of people every day
- coaliton
- a temporary alliance between groups who are usually on different sides
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
- a set of revolutionary ideas-rights of liberty, property, security, and resistance to opression, justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion
- Legislative Assembly
- an electded group that took power after the National assembly
- Paris Commune
- the radical leaders set up a new government with reps from each of paris' 48 sections, it became a dominatnt force in the revolution
- Jacobin Club
- the most radical political club, its members wanted to remove the king and establish a republic
- Danton
- a frequent speaker of the jacobin club, a leader of the paris commune, had great speechmaking skills to win political leadership
- Marat
- a prominent radical leader, hoped to win fame for his scientific research, edited the friend of the people and called for 5 or 6 hundred heads cut off
- Robespierre
- began the reign of terror, wanted to build a republic of virtue, and tried to wipe out every trace of nobility and monarchy, formed the comitee of public saftey
- Comittee of public safety
- decided who should be judged as an enemy of the republic
- Reign of Terror
- the reign of robespierre where everyone was executed for the stupidest things and everyone was in danger
- Directory
- an executive body of 5 men that were moderates , they gave their troubled country a period of order and found the right general to command Frances armies
- coup
- a seizure of power
- plebesite
- an election where all citizens vote yes or no on and issue
- concordat
- an agreement
- Napoleon Bonaparte
- corsican general, emperor of france, defeated austria (in italy), defended the palace, was defined as a hero
- Napoleonic code
- comprehensive code of laws that grew out of the principles of liberty and equality, granted eual rights befor the law, and abolished the 3 estates
- Austerlitz
- napoleons greatet victory-23,000 troops, 87,000 russians and austrians-took 20,000 prisoners and killed, forced austrian empire to make peace
- Horation Nelson
- Commander of brittish fleet-defeated Napoleon
- Tralfagar
- where napoleons army was defeated, napoleon left so he wouldnt be blamed
- blockade
- all ports on the european continent were closed to british shipping to keep brithish ships form europe
- guerrillas
- bands of spanish peasant fighters
- scorched earth policy
- burned growing fields and slaughtere livestock rather than leave tem for the grench-greatly weakened naploleons army
- exile
- to banish
- continental system
- rgw blockade used to block ou the british ships form europe, supposed to mke europe more self-sufficient
- peninsular war
- the war (attacks) of the geurillas on the french armies, lost 300,000 men
- Grand Alliance
- the alliance between Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden
- The hundred days
- napoleons last bid for power, the battle at waterloo against the Prussians and British
- Industrial Revolution
- a period of increased output of goods made by machines and new inventions
- Industrialization
- the process of developing machine production of goods
- enclosure
- the process where wealthy landowners were buying much of the land that the village famres had once worked and then rented the fields to families of tenant farmers who worked the land
- crop rotation
- the process of rotating crops through different fields to keep the nutrients in the field abunant and to keep the soil fertile
- Factory
- large bulidings that housed many new and large machines
- entreprenuer
- a person who organizes, manages and takes on the risks of a business
- John Kay
- invented the flying shuttle which was a peice of boatshaped wood on wheels with yarn attached to it used to let a weaver work twice as fast
- James Hargreaves
- invented the spinning jenny that allowed a spinner to work with six or eight threads at once, and later models let them work with as many as 80 threads at once
- Richard Arkwright
- invented the water frame which used the waterpower from fast-flowing streams to drive water power
- Samuel Crompton
- invented the spinning mule, a cross between a water frame and spinning jenny
- Edmund Cartwright
- invented the power loom which ran by water power and sped up the process of weaving
- Eli Whitney
- invented the cotton gin which allowed slaves to pick the seeds out of cotton 10 times as fast than as they would by hand
- Cotton gin
- the invention that let slaves work 10 times fasster picking out seeds in the cotton and produced 987,000 bales of cotton as opposed to 9,000 bales
- James Watt
- a scottish scientist who figured out how to make the steam engine better
- John McAdam
- largely responsible for better roads, built roadbeds with layer of large stones for drainage and tehn put a smooth layer of crushed rock, roads werent as muddy or dusty woth the "macadam" surface
- Richard Trevithick
- made an engine that was both small and powerful which could carry a cart and the suff inside it on a set of rails, it ran at very high pressure
- GEORGE STEPHENSON
- bulit 20 engines for mine operators in Northern england, he worked on the worlds first railroad line using 4 locomotives that he had designed and built
- Samuel Slater
- a young british mill worker sho disguised himself as a farmer and went to the U.S where he designed a spinning machine from memory
- Moses Brown
- began to work or a factory to house Slater's machines, the first factory in the U.S (pawtucket, rhode island)
- William Cockerill
- a British Carpenter whobegan building cotton-spinning machines in belgium while it was still under french rule, his sons openeed factories that turned out steam engines, locomotives and other machinery
- Union
- a group of workers in trade or industy who join together to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages
- Factory Act of 1833
- made it illegal to hire children under 9 years oldand chlildren form 9 to 13 were not to work more than 8 hours a d ay yong people form 14 to 18 could not be reqired to work for more than 12 hours a day
- Mines Act of 1842
- placed similar limits on the work of children in mining as the factory act did on the work of children in factories
- lassiez-faire government
- the policy that expected the government to take a hands-offattitude toward thee economic and social conditions
- diplomacy
- the making of agreements by officials to establish peace
- legitamacy
- the principle that the rulers that the rulers thrown out of power by napoleon were restored to power
- conservatism
- proteting the existin traditional forms of govt
- liberalism
- the movement to give more power to elect parliaments
- radicalism
- favored drastic and violent change
- congress of vienna
- called by austria, great britain, prussia and russia to confirm victory over france
- great power
- Austira, great britain, Prussia, and russia, defeated france and made decisions in secret
- metternich
- dominated the congress, not austrian by birth, rose rapidly with connection to the Hapsburgs, became austrians foreign minister for 39 years, had 3 goals(strenghten surrounding countries, restore a balance of power, restore royal families to the thrones)...he was conservative
- German confederation
- 39 german sates joined together, dominated by austria
- Holy Alliance
- agreement against liberalism, Alexander I, Francais I and Frederick William III promised to help eachother
- Louis XVII
- french king, shared power with a chamber of deputies
- nationalism
- the belief that a persons greatest loyalty should be nation to state
- nation-state
- a group united under its own government
- romanticism
- a reaction against the enlightenment with new types of music, and art
- Battle of Navarino
- British, French and ussian fleet destroyed an ottoman fleet (for the greeks)
- Byron
- a leading romantic poet
- Mazzini
- early leader of italian nationalism
- Young Italy
- the nationalist group formed by mazzin, no one older than 40 could join, had 60,000 members at one point
- George
- leading figure in Romanticism
- Latin America
- the ladns south of the U.S where spanish, portugese and french were
- Bolivar
- wealthy venezuelan creole, generally responsible for sucess of rebels
- peninsulars
- people born in spain or portugal, top of society
- creoles
- people born in latin america, anscestors came form europe, top of society
- Mestizos
- common people, mixed europeansand native american
- Mualattoes
- european and african ancestry
- cuadillo
- political strongmen who ruled as dictators
- Toussaint L'Ouverture
- ex-slace, drove french forces from an island, taken prisoner and sent to france
- San Marin
- general, also responsible for the sucess of the rebels, freed the south and took an army to peru to drive oth the spaniards
- battle of Ayacueho
- defeated spaniards 12/9/1824
- Dom Pedro
- regent of brazil, emperor, got brazils independance, still only monarchy
- hidalgo
- leader of a revolt, had a force of 60,000men, declared end to slavery and other reforms
- morelos
- farm worker/ priest, the next leader, was a better general
- Inturbide
- creole officer, captured and executed morelos, made peace wih guerillas and proclamed mexico independant
- Monroe Doctirne
- monroe claimed american continents werent going to be colinozed by europe anymore
- counterrevolution
- the revolution by the rulers
- charles x
- last bourbon king of franc, ignored liberals and radicals and tired to be an absolute monarch
- louis phillipe
- cousin, sympathetic to liberal reform, would share poer with chamber of deputies, had 2 decadesw of peace
- reform bill of 1832
- set up new districs for electing member s of parliament
- 1848
- year of revolutions, started in two sicilies followed by 50 more throughout europe
- camartine
- led temporary government, romantic poet, and wanted a republic
- blanc
- wanted political and economical reform
- Louis Napoleon
- Napoloens nephew, dissolved parliament and was sole ruler of france, became emperor
- Realpolitik
- 'the politics of reality' used the word to describe tough, calculating politics in which idealism played no part
- Junker
- a member of prussias landowning nobility
- Kaiser
- emperor
- dual monarchy
- system of government or austro-hungary
- cavour
- italian nationalist; united northern italy
- victor emmanuel II
- king of sardinia, but 1st king of Italy
- Napoleon III
- emperor of france; alliance with cavour
- Garibaldi
- italian nationalist leader of 'red shirts'
- Bismarck
- prussian prime minister; united germany
- zollverein
- free treade area;most all major german states
- seven weeks war
- war between austria and prussia
- Franco-prussian war
- final step in german unification
- second reich
- newly formed german empire
- third republic
- republican government set up in france