world history chapter 14
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- reformation
- a religious revolution that split the church in western europe and created several new churches
- renaissance
- a philosophical and artistic movement/the time period in which it flourished; a time of many developments
- medici
- a powerful family in florence that grew wealthy first as bankers and then as rulers of the city-state
- william shakespeare
- lived from 1564 to 1616, the most prominent english literary figure of the period, portrayed personality and human emotions in his plays with a skill almost unmatched by any other writers
- the praise of folly
- erasmus' most famous book; ridiculed ignorance, superstition, and vice among christians
- danube, rhona, and rhine
- rivers that allowed the spread of ideas from italy to other parts of europe
- pope leo x
- pope who continued rebuilding st. peter's basilica in rome; declared luther a heretic and excommunicated him
- pieter brueghel
- one of the most famous flemish artists, painted in the mid-1500s, loved the countryside/peasants and painted scenes with them; also used paintings as a means to criticize intolerance and cruelty
- baldassare castiglione
- an italian diplomat and writer who lived from 1478 to 1529; in 1528 published the most famous book of the renaissance, "the book of the courtier"
- the book of the courtier
- a book written by castiglione; discusses courtesy and explains the refined courtier as opposed to a medieval knight; the setting for the book is the court at urbino (italian city-state)
- niccolo machiavelli
- a humanist from florence; diplomat/historian who lived from 1469 to 1527; in 1513 wrote a famous essay called "the prince", which described government as he felt it worked; his lack of concern for moral virtue set him apart from other humanists
- francesco petrarch
- one of the first humanists, lived from 1304 to 1374, famous scholar/teacher/poet, believed that classical writings (greek and roman) should be studied and imitated
- hubert and jan van eyck
- brothers who lived in flanders until the mid-1400s and paid attention to detail in works such as "the adoration of the lamb"
- the prince
- essay written by machiavelli that described government not in ideal terms, but how machiavelli thought it worked
- indulgences
- pardons from punishment for sin (had to be purchased)
- germany
- where the first break with the roman catholic church occurred that helped lay a foundation for the reformation
- high renaissance
- name of the time period that began in the late 1400s and early 1500s; when many great painters lived
- (desiderius) erasmus
- the most influential humanist of northern europe; a dutch scholar who learned about the ideas of italian humanists from books; entered a monastery as a young man; interested in christianity as well as early greek and roman culture; most famous book was "the praise of folly"; ridiculed ignorance of christians
- sofonisba anguissola
- a female renaissance artist best known for her self-portraits and for her portrait of philip ii
- albrecht durer
- lived from 1471 to 1528; famous for his copper engravings and woodcuts; became one of the first to see the possibility of illustrated books
- 95 theses
- statements about indulgences written by martin luther to challenge tetzel; nailed on the door of the church at wittenberg
- wittenberg
- church where martin luther displayed the 95 theses
- titian
- lived from 1488 to 1576 in venice; works are noted for their sense of drama and rich colors; most famous is "the assumption of the virgin"; HRE sponsored many of his works
- johannes gutenberg
- the first european to use movable type to print books (1450); developed a printing press and printed copies of the bible between 1453 and 1455
- perspective
- an important technique of painting learned during the renaissance; involved making distant objects smaller than those in the foreground, allowed artists to create an illusion of depth
- michelangelo (buonarroti)
- a master of renaissance art who lived from 1475 to 1564, painted frescoes on the ceiling of the sistine chapel of the vatican; preferred sculpting, particularly of biblical figures; also wrote poetry and was an architect
- lorenzo medici
- leader of florence who became a great patron of the arts and influenced florence's artistic awakening
- thomas more
- an english humanist and friend of erasmus; published "utopia"in 1516 which described a harmonious, ideal society
- charles v
- holy roman emperor who summoned luther to the imperial diet at worms, where he was commanded to renounce his ideas
- humanists
- people who specialized in the humanities, emphasized education and also felt that a person should lead a meaningful life by becoming involved with the arts;, admired individual achievement
- hans holbein the younger
- a german who did most of his work in other countries; painted portraits of famous people such as erasmus, thomas more, and king henry vii of england
- raphael
- lived from 1483 to 1520; became extremely popular in florence and was hired by the pope to paint frescoes in the vatican; also painted madonnas
- flanders
- country where a group of painters developed their own distinct style
- leonardo da vinci
- a painter, sculptor, engineer, architect, and scientist who lived from 1452 to 1519; used his experiments in science to enhance his paintings; studied anatomy and drew the human body
- humanities
- grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry
- flemish school
- name for the style of painting/the painters from flanders; perfected the technique of painting in oils on canvas
- giotto and masaccio
- important realist painters
- martin luther
- born in 1483; worried about reaching salvation from an early age and concluded that all that is needed to reach salvation is inner faith in god; was persecuted and called a heretic; founded the religion known as protestantism (yes, i'm way too lazy to write all of the minuscule details)
- brenner and the great saint bernard
- mountain passes that pierced the alps and allowed people and ideas to go from italy to northern europe
- utopia
- famous work by thomas more in which he imagined an ideal society where all citizens lived equally and harmoniously