Years of Crisis, 1919 - 1939
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- Benito Mussolini
- Founded the Fascist Party in Italy, promising to revive Italy's economy and rebuild its armed forces. He used armed thugs to make threats to political opponents,
- Francisco Franco
- Spain's Fascists dictator. He was backed by Hitler and Mussoline
- "The new Deal"
- Program where the government began large public works projects. This created jobs for millions. businesses and farms also got help from the government.
- How Socialists handled the depression
- They taxed people with jobs to have money to pay benefits to people without jobs. Hired out of work people to build roads and Buildings
- Third Reich
- The German empire. HItlers plan to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into it.
- How US handled the depression
- Franklin D Roosevelt (FDR) became president, created the "New Deal"
- How France handled the depression
- Economic crisis contributed to polictical instability. several governments lost support. Socialists and communists formed a coalition = Laws were passed to help workers, but companies raised prices, resulted in high unemployment
- Japan (Militarists)
- Ruled by generals. Planned to capture China as a part of a Pacific empire.
- Albert Einstein
- Physicist born in Germany who formulated the theory of relativity. Einsteins ideas had implications not only for science but for how people viewed the world.(more uncertainty)
- Surrealism
- An art movement that sought to link the world of dreams with real life. Called on the artists unconscious life. (Paule Klee and Pablo Picasso)
- Nazism
- German form of fascism.
- Existentialism
- The belief that there is no universal meaning to the world. Each person must give it his or her own meaning through actions taken. Reason, democracy and progress are empty iedas. People need to adopt the values of pride and strength.
- Mein Kampf
- Book writen by Hitler where he outlines his beliefs: Germans are a superior race, The Treaty of Versailles treated Germany unfairly and that a crowed Germany needed the lands of Eastern Europe and Russia
- Manchuria
- Part of China captured by Japan. Rich in coal and iron ans provided a valuable resource to the Japanese economy. (league of Nations challenged them, but it did no good)
- US Policy
- Isolationist policy, US believed that entering WWI had been a mistake, Banned loans and sale of arms to countries at war
- Appeasement
- Giving into an aggressor to keep peace. Britain urged and Appeasement against Germany instead of challenging them
- Theory of Relativity
- As a moving object nears the speed of light, space and time become relative. That means they change
- Fascism
- a militant political movement that emphasizes loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader. Leader was the dictator, no rights to people
- Sigmund Freud
- Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the unconscious and conscious mind. His ideas weakened faith in reason
- Munich Conference
- Meeting with Germany France, Britain and Italy in Munich. Britain and France agreed to allow Germany to take the land.(trying to keep peace). In exchange Hitler agreed to respect the new borders of Czechoslovakia . but a few months later he took the entire country
- Axis Powers
- Hitler won more support in Germany. He signed and agreement with Mussolini (Italy) and also Japan. The three nations were called the Axis powers
- Effects on the World of the Great Depression
- US economic prosperity had sustained the world economy. When the US economy weakened, the whole worlds economy weakened. Trade between nations dropped, and unemployment shot up
- How Britain handled the depression
- A mew multiparty government developed that took steps to slowly improve the economy. It passed high tariffs, increased taxes, and regulated currency, lowered interest rates
- Hitler defies treaty
- He broke the Treaty of Versailles by rebuilding Germany's army, went into an area of Germany that the treaty forbid them to enter (League issued a mild condemnation)
- Ethiopia
- Mussolini wanted an Italian empire in Africa and invaded Ethiopia. Ethiopia looked to the league of nations for help, they did nothing
- Problems in Germany
- 1) People felt little loyalty to govt. (2) weak economy - prices rose sharply and money lost value (3)
- Isolationism
- The belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided
- Great Depression
- Brought on by the stock market crash, rising unemployment, lower production and wages. = long business slump
- Nonagression Pact
- The Soviets Union and Germany made a pledge never to attach one another.
- Adolf Hitler
- Leader of the Nazi party in Germany. Came to power during the depression when German economy collapsed and people became confused. Looked to him for leadership.
- Weimar Republic
- Was the democratic government which ruled over Germany form 1919 to 1933. Was Germany's first democracy and it failed miserably.
- Sudetenland
- After making Austria part of GErmany, Hitler demanded that Czechoslovakia give up part of it's land (the Sudetenland's). Czech. refused