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History Exam

Terms

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triumph
procession honoring a hero
PIt
Area in front of the stage
The Domesday Book
A cencus and land survey of England
persian wars
persians conquered ionia; ionians revolted and asked mainland for help; they helped and the persian king was mad at the mainland and wanted to punish them
Inquisition
Church court
sparta
central region of greece; tried to become the strongest people in greece
Castles
Large, fortified houses, WAR
oligarchy
form of government in which few people have ruling power
darius
persian king who punished the greek main land for helping ionia
mycenaeans
started in the grasslands of southern russia; settled in lowlands of greece
islands
crowded roman apartments
hellenistic age
hellenistic=like greeks; and age when everything had to do with something greek
fasces
symbol of power to etruscans
hippocrates
"father of the scientific method"
Capetian
Dynasty that strengthened the central government
mundus
meeting point of the living and the dead
Outremer
A feudal society in Palestine caused by Crusades
Miguel de Cervantes
Wrote "Don Quixote"
Francis I
Renaissance ruler in France
veto
to say no to an official act
iliad and odyssey
poems by homer about when the mycenaeans attacked troy
helots
slave farm workers in sparta
scientific method
process used by scientists to study something; make a hypothesis then test it
pancratium
sport combining boxing and wrestling
Friar
Traveling preacher
Seljuk Turks
Conquered jerusalem and threatened the Byzantine Empire (cause of Crusades)
corvus
military device on a roman ship
Venice
Controlled trade of Near East
emperor
absolute ruler of an empire
Apprenticeship
the act of being a apprentice; Apprentice- a person in training(from a master) to do a craft
Papal States
Area of Italy controlled by the Pope
Flanders
Supplied with wool by England; Made woolen cloth
Printing press
A machine invented by Johann Gutenberg that helped spread information in the form of books and papers
constantine
made sons have to follow their fathers jobs (ex. father was a slave=son is a slave; father was a painter=son is a painter); made wealthy landowners move to villas
soliloquy
solo talk to an audience
Unions
Groups of people joined for a common cause
civil war
war between citizens of one nation
political science
the study of government
Elizabeth I
Ruler of England at height of Renaissance
Communes
Italian political groups seeking self government
manor
a farming community
Acre
Last Christian stronghold; conquered in 1291
democracy
form of government in athens
arch
architectural contribution of etruscans
Universities
Groups of people devoted to learning
bread and circuses
out of work farmers got free food and daily entertainment from dictators so they wouldnt revolt
phillip II
macedonia king who conquered greece in 338 b.c.
inflation
period of ever increasing prices
dark ages
a time where the progress of civilization stops
War of the Roses
War between the Yorks & the Lancasters for power of England, Tudors got power
feudalism
Government by land-owning nobles
Pope Gregory VII
Pope who reformed the church by controlling kings and nobles
Continental
Word that refers to the European mainland
Trial Jury
A group who decides whether a person accused of a crime is innocent or guilty
socrates
developed method of questioning for students
acropolis
fortified hill in a city state
hannibal
carthagenian general who led army over alps
Seneschal
Officials who looked after a lord's fief
athens
northeast of sparta; constitution; nice people
Playwright
Author of a play
Classical
Reflecting interest in Greek/Roman art
dictator
ruler who has absolute power
rome
1st king was romulus; italian city atop a palatine
etruria
rolling hill country north of the latin village on the palatine
Orders
Groups of Friars
Page
Young boy who helped knights
Crossbow
weapon used to fire an arrow with great force
Cathedrals
Churches lead by bishops
minotaur
legendary monster who lived on crete
Tithes
Church offerings equal to 10% of income
act of homage
pledge of loyalty given by a vassal to a lord
Florence
Where Italian Renaissance began, Medici family ruled, famous for artists, poets, and philosophers
destriers
giant war horses
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Italian master sculptor of Renaissance
Fiefs
Feudal estates
republic
government where people elect representatives
William the Conqueror
defeated Harold the king of the Anglo-Saxsons
euripides
great writer of tragities
polis
greek city state
Parliament
France's national assembly
Peers
Equals
magistrates
greek judges
gladiators
fighters in gladitorial gmaes; fought animals or people in arenas
freedmen
peasants who paid lords for right to farm the land
oracles
person who could speak with the gods
aneas
trojan hero who became "father of romans"
Circuit Judges
Judges who travel throughout a country
Journeyman
Person payed daily wages to work for an expert
pericles
known as "1st citizen" of athens; rebuilt athens; also built Long Walls; led athens for 30 years
triumvirate
a 3 man rule
megaron
a square room with a fireplace in the center
Burgs
Name given to a town near a castle
Burghers
Rich merchants who lived in towns
diocletian
divided empire into TWO parts
Tudors
English rulers who ruled after the war of the Roses
College of Cardinals
Group of Bishops that helped pope Gregory VII rule form Rome
comedies
plays which poke fun
constitution
written rules for government
sophocles
great writer of tragities
standardized laws
laws made the same
marathon
a plain 26 miles northeast of athens where a battle happened, greeks won
legionaries
payed soldiers in the roman army
knossos
one of crete's largest cities
thermopyale
battle won by persians in a mountain pass
Frederick I
German emperor who forced powerful lords to promise him loyalty and to work for his government, citizens and Pope defeated his armies, drowned in river
rule by devine right
diocletian; emperors powers and rights to rule came from the Gods
euclid
"father of geometry"
delos
island where delian league was based
romulus and remus
a latin princess's children (the princess swore to never have children) so they were taken and left on the bank of a flooding river to die; a she-wolf raised them then a farmer took them; founded rome (romulus)
pentathlon
sporting event (game) that tested running, discus, and three other sports
ladies
noblewomen
palisade
high wooden fence
punic wars
punic=phoenician; romans felt threatened by the near-by phoenicians and wanted Sicily's granaries; rome won; 3 wars
omens
signs of what is to happen
Scabbard
Sword holder
Saladin
Muslim military leader who retook Jerusalem
aeschylus
earliest writer to create a two-character play
mercenaries
hired soldiers
aristophanes
greek writer of comedies
catacombs
underground tombs
homer
blind poet who told about the greek and trojan heroes
Vassal
Noble who served a lord of a higher rank
perioeci
merchants for sparta
Dauphin
Eldest son of a king in France(French King)
bull leaping
minoan bull fighting
Venetians
Got 1/2 of conquests and large sum of money from Crusaders in return for ships and equipment
latifundias
large estates in rome
Johannes Gutenburg
German inventor, printing press
ephors
helped council of elders in sparta
council of 500
handled daily business of athens; chosen by lots; couldn't serve more than two terms (a term was a year)
Phillip IV
French ruler whose reign became national government
julius caesar
dictator of rome; wrote "commentaries"
minoans
lived on crete in med sea; grew wheat, barley, grapes, and olives; traded extras; became good carpenters
Humanist
Scholars who believed in importance of the individual, of the human
Joan of Arc
Main goal to help Charles become king, French peasant girl who defeated English army in hundreds year war
Chancellor
Church officals who headed a university
xerxes
darius's son who sent 250,000 soldiers across the aegean and conquered northern greece
amphitheater
open-air greek site for plays
Chateaux
French renaissance castles
Leonardo da Vinci
Made clever machines, made "The Last Supper", famous Italian painter, scientist, artist, and inventor
tarrifs
taxes on goods brought into a country
necropolis
cemetery area containing many tombs
agora
marketplace in greece
domus
a roman house
social groups
lower class(peasants, farmers) middle class(artisans, shop keepers) and upper class((nobles and royalty)
Guilds
Association of merchants or artisans
ionia
greek city state in asia minor and on the aegean islands
Henry II
Reformed law courts and began the jury system
Magna Carta
A document that said you had the right to hav a trail by peers, that the king must obey the laws, and that the king could only tax with approval from the council
Otto I
King of Germany named 1st Holy Roman Emperor
Doge
Official ruler of Venice
Louis IX
Founded royal courts. a royal mint, and went on a Crusade
census
population count
tribune
officals who protected the rights of plebeians
peasants
people who worked the land or served the nobles
peloponnesian war
persian war between greeks and persians
Hubert and Jan Van Eyck
Developed oil paints, Flanders
Master
Person highly skilled in trade, craft, or business
ides of march
day julius caesar was stabbed to death; march 15th
defense league
protective group
olympic games
every 4 years (in the summer) a festival was held to honor zeus; they had sport contests
tournament
a special contest for knights
El Greco
Painted long, stretched bodies, from Spain
gladiatorial
games at which romans amused themselves
villas
roman country estates
The Crusades
Series of holy wars that lasted 200 years
battle of adrianople
a Germanic group defeated the roman legions; war
salamis
island that athenians flee to during persian war
senate
governmental body made up of 300 patricians
plato
pupil of socrates and founder of the academy
Renaissance
Rebirth of classical literature or thoughts
Isabella
From Castile, married Ferdinand of Aragon, "Catholic Monarch", used the Inquisition to unify Spain
frescoes
water color paintings on walls
Portcullis
Heavy oak or iron gate
Mass
Worship service
Emir
Military leader of Muslims
pax romana
a 200 year period of peace begining in Augustus's rule
joust
contest of strength using blunt lances
Hundreds Year War
War between English and French; causes- English owned more land in France then the French and the French wanted the English out; effects- France got land back, English lost money, peasants were more important
consuls
two administrative and military leaders of rome
Franciscans and Dominicans
two orders (groups) of Friars
Lorenzo de Medici
Ruler who made Florence center for the Renaissance
Monarchies
Countries ruled by a king or queen
Piazza
Central square of an Italian city
tragities
plays about suffering
golden age of greece
time when greeks were interested in arts, science, and religion and progressed in all three
legacy
gift from the past
Perspective
Way of showing objects as they appear at different distances
twelve tables
writen laws of rome
publicans
roman tax collectors
Knights
Warriors on horseback
praetorium guard
emperors body guards
Charters
Documents giving townspeople control of their government
prophecy
a statement of what might happen in the future
forum
public square of a city
logic
science of reasoning
patricians
oldest, wealthiest families in rome
tiberius and gaius grachus
reformers who were assassinated
alexander the great
included scientist and philosophers in army; gained 22,000 miles of territory
legion
roman army unit of 5,000
juris prudents
roman lawyers
intellect
the ability to learn and reason
philosophy
study of laws, of nature, and love of wisdom
Canon Laws
Laws set up by a church
clergy
religious leaders
aristocracy
form of government in sparta; government ruled by nobles
troy
a major trading city in asia minor
carthage
phoenician city who fights with rome in punic wars
Keep
Tall castle tower
Code of Chivalry
Rules of life for knights
dorians
people who conquered the mycenaeans
1st triumvirate
Marcus Lincinius, Gnaeus Pompeius, and Jul0ius Caesar; Crassus died and then Pompeius was murdered so Caesar ruled
theseus
legendary hero who killed the minotuar
Excommunicated
To have lost church membership
Fairs
Gatherings of merchants sponsored by local nobles or churchmen
bath houses
a place to meet friends, take a warm cold or steam bath, and also some had libraries, sport stadiums, and gyms
latins
settlers of northern italy; probably from lydia
Roman Catholic Church
Great influence during Middle Ages; center of every village and town
herodotus
"father of history"
Catholic Monarchs
Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain)
Richard I
Leader of Kings Crusade; Signed truce with Saladin
bailiff
official who made sure that peasants worked hard
labyrinth
difficult network of paths; a maze
Hapsburgs
Family who served as Holy Roman Emperors for about 650 years
Grand Jury
Jury that examines accusations and advises criminal charges
Black Death
Carried by rats on trading ships from England; Killed MANY people
aristotle
scholar to 1st group plants and animals
dubbing
ceremony to become a knight
plebeians
lower class romans
parthenon
temple for the goddess athena
Moors
muslims
city state
cities and the surrounding territories
Corregidores
Spanish royal officals
Urban II
Called for Europeans to go on Crusade
William Shakespere
English playwright, wrote "Hamlet", wrote tragities and comedies
crete
island in med. sea where minoans lived
Longbow
Weapon that uses a steel tipped arrow
Ferdinand
From Aragon, married Isabella of Castile, "Catholic Monarch" of Spain
mother earth
minoans most important god/goddess
squire
teenager in training for knighthood
cleisthenes
noble; put in 1st constitution that was democratic; spartan that overthrew athens government
soothsayers
people who predicted the future

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