ACDEC Social Science
Terms
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- Mesopotamia
- "between the rivers", region between the Tigris and Euphrates, home of Babylon, Assyria, and other civs
- Sumer
- south of Mesopotamia in 3rd and 2nd millenium BC
- Ubaid Period
- 5 and 6 millenia BC, dark hatched pottery, precursors of ziggurats
- Uruk culture
- grey pottery on wheel, two temples, 50,000 people, plow, wheel, bevel-rimmed bowls, clay tablets
- Jemdet Nasr
- 3100-2900 BC, cuneiform, cylinder seals, bronze, overseas trade
- en
- lord, high priest
- ensi
- governor
- lugal
- great man, king
- Sir Leonard Wolley
- discovered royal cemetery of 1st dynasty of Ur
- edduba
- Sumerian 'tablet house' (school)
- ummia
- Sumerian term for expert or professor
- Lugalzagesi
- (2371-2347) sacked Lugash, Uruk king
- Sargon
- Akkadian king, conquered from Med Sea to Persian Gulf
- Naram-Sin
- Sargon's grandson, seen by future generations as cause of fall of Akkadian Empire
- Gudea
- Lagash king, Neo-Sumerian Renaissance, literature
- Ur-Nammu
- founder of last dynasty of Sumer, enlightened king, built lots
- Shulgi
- law code and administrative reforms (Ur III) son of Ur-Nammu
- # of Egyptian dynasties and kings
- 31 dynasties, 170 kings
- Herodotus
- first to make an attempt at a history of Egypt, Greek historian, visited in 5th century BC
- Manetho
- Greco-Egyptian priest, 1st to divide Egyptian history into dynasties
- Jean Francois Champollion
- cracked Rosetta Stone 1822
- Flinders Petrie
- archaeologist in 1800s established "sequence-date chronology" of prehistoric events
- hedjet
- white crown of Upper Egypt
- deshret
- red crown of Lower Egypt
- heb-sed
- celebration of royal renewel
- Menes
- legendary unifier of Egypt, founded (maybe) Memphis
- nomes
- traditional administrative districts in Egypt
- Aha
- founder of 1st Dynasty in Egypt
- Khasekhemwy
- last king of 2nd dynasty, tomb is first with stone
- Old Kingdom
- 2686-2181 BC, 3rd through 6th dynasties
- Saqquara (step pyramid)
- built by Djoser, architect Imhotep, earliest pyramid complex, 1st building all of stone
- mastaba
- "bench" in Arabian, stone slab tomb
- Sir Arthur Evans
- divided Cretan periods--Early, Middle, and Late Minoan
- Knossos
- site of palace, over 100 rooms, frescoes
- Linear A
- script in Middle Minoan Period, replaced hieroglyphics
- Michael Ventris
- deciphered Linear B
- Minoan religion
- matriarchal, peaceful, king religious leader
- 1st Intermediate Period
- (2181-2060 BC) breakdown, 70 kings in 70 days, for most time of development and complexity, more tombs and pottery, stress, creativity
- ma'at
- Egyptian concept of ntl stability and cosmic order
- Mentuhotep II
- fourth king of 11th dynasty, reunited Egypt, founder of middle kingdom
- Amenemhet I
- 1st king of 12th dynasty, moved to Itj-towy and pyramid at Lisht, built "Walls-of-the-Ruler", return to centralization, co-regency
- Senusret I
- built lots, founded emple of Atum-Re at Karnak
- genut
- official records (Egypt)
- Sesostris
- composite hero credited with various successes of Egyptian Kings (12D)
- Coffin Texts
- group of over 1000 funerary spells, showed average Egyptian's process to afterlife
- Pyramid Texts
- over 800 spells, recorded only in pyramids
- wanax
- king of Mycenae
- tholos
- domed, beehive tomb (Mycenae)
- dromos
- unroofed corridor approaching a tomb (Mycenae)
- Linear B
- 89 character syllabic script, early form of Greek
- megaron
- great room in palace (Mycenae)
- Ishbi-Erra
- 2017-1985, Isin, peace to Mesopotamia, Elamites expelled
- Lipit-Ishtar
- Isin, 1934-1924, law code
- Rimsin
- Larsa, Isin incorporated into Larsa
- Hammurabi
- 6th of 1st dynasty of Babylon, 1792-1750 BC, waited and then conquered alliance, Larsa, ect. (except Syria and Elam), Law Code
- Hammurabi's Code
- on stele 7 ft high, 282 sections, punishments varied based on victims, royal propaganda, main in Temple of Marduk
- awilum
- nobles (Babylon)
- mushkenum
- commoners (Babylon)
- wardum
- slaves (Babylon)
- Assyria
- Semetic, traders, loose states
- Hurrians
- appeared in 3rd millenium BC, non-semetic, link between cultures, founded Mitanni
- Hittites
- Indo-European, lang related to Greek, migrated 2700 BC, king chosen by elders for military
- Labarnas I
- founded Hittite Kingdom 1680
- Hattusilis I
- expanded Hatti, extablished capital at Hattusas
- Mursilis I
- Hatti, military success
- Kassites
- unknown origin, agricultural and military servants, tribal families, own language, took control of Babylon for 500 yrs
- 14th dynasty
- official Nehesy, at Xois, short
- 15th and 16th dynasties
- Avaris, Hyksos took power, new weapons introduced
- 17th dynasty
- concurrent with 15th and 16th, Thebes, tryed to restore, cut off from Memphis, Kamose
- 18th dynasty
- reorganization and reconquest, expansion of Amun worship, literary and artistic works, Thebes
- Ahmose I
- secured Nile Delta, restored regnal power, tried to resume royal patronage of cult institutions
- Amenhotep I
- secured borders to s and pushed outward, temple monuments
- Thutmose I
- fathered Hatshepsut and Thutmose II, projects at Karnak, military in Nubia and Syria-Palestine, Egyptianization of Nubia
- Hatshepsut
- "King of Upper and Lower Egypt", tradign and building, advisor Senemut, neglected military
- Thutmose III
- regained military prowess, lots of military success
- Amenhotep II
- athletic, harsh subjugation, development and peace at home, trade increase
- Thutmose IV
- questioned legitimacy, Sphinx, improvements to temples, married Mitanni ruler's daughter, Aten worship began
- Amenhotep III
- peace, building projects, foreign princesses
- Agum II Katrime
- Kassite, unopressive policy, restored statue of Marduk
- Burnaburiash I
- fixed border with Assyria (Kassite)
- Kurigalzu I
- Kassite, allied with Egypt, founded Dur-Kurigalzu
- Kurigalzu II
- conquered Elam, storngest Kassite ruler, ziggurat
- kudurru
- Kassite invention, small carved stones 1 m high, recorded land grants
- Mitanni
- from Med Sea to Zagros, capital Washukanni, powerbroker
- Suppiluliumas
- Hittite king, rebuild, restore order, conquered things
- Hattusilis III
- Hittite, allied with Egypt against Assyria
- Middle Assyrian Empire
- fertile plain, good soldiers
- Ashur-uballit I
- founder of modern Assyria, consolidated power, military
- Tukulti-Ninurta I
- solidified power, built capital named after self, serious conflicts internally
- Tiglath-Pileser I
- Assyrian, smelting iron, extended kingdom, model king, but terror and brutal
- Armana Letters
- group of 350 interntl correspondences from 14th century BC, in Akkadian, 382 tablets, found 1887 , tone gets worse during Amenhotep IV
- Amenhotep IV
- stopped expansion, started monotheistic worship of sun disk, new capital Akhetaten, Queen Nefertiti, traditions banned, fall from imperial glory, economic and foreign fall
- Tutankhamen
- queen Ankhesenpaamen, abandoned Aten, changed stuff back as best he could
- Horemheb
- usurper and military man after Tut, restoration, stopped graft and corruption, military success
- biblos
- Greek word for papyrus, origin of the name for Phoenician city Byblos
- Dido
- founded Tyre, Carthagian princess
- Pindus Mountains
- mt range in Greece that divided the east and west coast
- Gulf of Corinth
- in Greece, divided the Peloponnese and mainland Greece
- Eastern Greek
- included Aeolic Greek, Ionic Greek, and ancient Arcadian/Achaen Greek speakers
- Aeolic
- Greek speakers from Boeotia and Thessaly, migrated to Lesbos and NW Asia Minor
- Ionic
- Greek speakers from Attica and Euboea, Cyclades, and SW Asia Minor, Miletus, Smyrna, and Ephesus
- Western Greek
- NW Greek speakers from Elis, Aetolia, and Central Greece; speakers of doric dialects in S and E Pelo., Magna Graecia, Crete, Corfu, Ambracia, and the Dodecanese
- Lefkandi
- structure on Euboe with colonnades, horse-shoe shaped, gives evidence of funeral traditions and trade in the Greek Dark Ages
- poleis
- citadels or walled states, organizations of Greece
- basileus
- Greek king
- boule
- Greek council
- phratriai
- citzens (Greece)
- demos
- free peasants (Greece)
- thetes
- landless laborers (Greece)
- agora
- marketplace and civic center, place for political debate
- demokratia
- "the power of the people" (Greece)
- oikistes
- founder of a Greek colony
- metropolis
- "mother city" to a Greek colony; though the colony was independent it often adopted the politics and religions of its metropolis
- Pithecusae
- first datable Greek colony (775 BC)
- Magna Graecia
- the Greek colonies in S. Italy "Greater Greece"
- Etruria
- region on Italian peninsula west of the Apennine Mts.
- Orientalization
- the effects of a cross-cultural interaction in which a western culture absorbs some aspects of an eastern one
- Etruscan League of 12 Peoples
- defensive league in ancient Etruria
- principes
- aristocracy of agrarian nobles (Etruria)
- Latium
- region containing Rome
- Nebuchadnezzar
- Assyrian king, sacked Jerusalem, unsuccessful in Egypt, built lots including Hanging Gardens
- Achaemenes
- semi-legendary founder of Persia
- Cyrus the Great
- rebelled against Astyages, defeated Lydians and Babylon, toleration
- archon
- chief leader in Thessaly
- boeotarchs
- chief magistrates of Boeotian Confederacy
- diolkos
- "drag-way", built by Periander across the isthmus of Crointh so ships could be hauled over land
- hoplites
- heavily armored infantry drawn from the citizenry