World history Mid Term Exam Review
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What is Perspective?
- Who is telling the story?
- what is Interpretation?
- What does the story mean?
- What is Memory?
- How is the story recorded?
- What is importance?
- How valuable or significant is the story?
- What is origin?
- where did it come from? What kind of source?
- What is purpose?
- Why did they write it?
- what is Value?
- Why is it important?
- What is limitations?
- Why is it not the best source? What is missing?
- The six characteristics of humans
-
- Stereoscopic color vision
- precision gripping hand
- symbolic thought
- speech/lanugauge
- Culture (?)
- HUBL - the four Prerequisites for HUBL
-
- bowl shaped pelvis
- foramen magnum (big hole) beneith skull
- S-shaped spine
- Enlarged big toe inline with others - four advantages of HUBL
-
-frees hand for tool use, carrying hunting
-increased field of vision
-walk father with less energy
-lower body temperature - Lif during Ice Age (4)
-
-big game hunting
-first evidence of religion
-complex social structure
-art - Animism
- belief in spirits in nature
- Advantages of domestication (4)
-
-more reliable food source
-increased population
-sedentary (fixed) home;collective security
-renweable animal reasources - 7 disadvantages of domestication
-
-less diverse diet
-increased population
-lower life expectancy
-sedentary home; easy target
-more labor intensive
-vunerable to famine
-dental problems - relationship teosinte- to maiz (4)
-
- teosinte- naturally occuring grss
- people take off 90% of the smallest seeds, save 10% of the biggest and plant them
-most robust seeds year after year
- corn or maiz after many years - 8 features of civilization
-
-cities
-orgonized government
-complex religion
-job specialization
-social classes
-arts and achritecture
-public works
-writing - Ardipithecus Ramidus (4)
-
- "ground rootman"
-oldest hominid ancestor 5.8 mya
- mostly apelike
evidence of HUBL - Australopithicus afarensis(5)
-
-AKA "lucy"
-3.9-3 mya
-40% intact skeleton
-400-500 cc
-sexual dimorphism- 2 body types based on gender - Australopithecus aficanus(7)
-
-southern ape man from africa
-gracile skeleton (small boned)
-3-2.4 mya
-425-480 cc
-omnivorous
-HUBL
-No crest - Paranthropus Bosiei (6)
-
-Robust skeleton
-2.5- 1.2 mya
-475-530 cc
-herbivorous
-HUBL
-saggital crest (used for muscle attachment) - homo habilis (5)
-
-'handy man' or 'toolman'
-earliest member of the genus homo
-2.2-1.6 mya
-500-700 cc
-first to manufacture stone tools - Homo Erectus(5)
-
-1.8-.25 mya
-750-1250 cc
-first to use fire
- migrated from africa
-hunters - Homosapiens Neandertalis(6)
-
- 120-35 thousand ya
-1300-1750 cc
-compact robust frame
-contemporar(lived at same time) with modern humans
-language?
-religion?? - Homosapiens sapiens
-
-100 thousand ya to today
-1200-1500 cc
-language
-advanced tool use
-FIRE
-african exoduc (from africa) - homofloresensis (8)
-
-95-12 thousand ya
-380 cc
- very advanced stone tool use
- 1 meter tall
-fire?
-navitgation?
-language?
-still around?? - 1st stone tools(2)
-
-ordinary rocks used to smash things open
-collected bone marrow - Oldowan tool tradition
- Oldest manufactured tool tradition
- Acheuluean tool tradition (2)
-
-bifaced (sharp on 2 sides)
-obsidian and flint - llevois tool tradition
- too complex to explain without language
- the nile river and egypt(5)
-
-ancient egypt=the nile river
-alluvial flood plain (soil replenished by river water)
-annual floods renwes soil fertility
-flood supplemented and controlled by irrigation
-need for irrigation leads to social heirarchy-hydrovic theory of civilization - Gifts of the Nile (5)
-
-fresh water
-farming food
-transportation
-religion
-cultural identity - old kingdom (5)
-
- egypt unified circa 2500 BC
-ruled by divine kings (pharaohs 'greathouse')
-pharoah descended from ruling family (dynasty)
- no distinction between religion and politics
-period of greatest monumental architecture - Middle kingdom(4)
-
- egypt reunified circa 2134 BCE
-religion and bureacracy (machinery of government) less traditional; priests more important
- food more plentiful and secure
- neolithic (newstone) middle kingdom collapses with invasion by bronzeage hyksos - new kingdom (5)
-
-emerges with the expulsion of the hyksos
-Egypt becomes a major world power
-Ramses the second and imperial egypt
-egpyt overrun by assyrians and the persians
-relative size (art) denotes importance - late period (3)
-
-gradual decline
-ruled by greeks and romans
-loses all independance in 30 BCE - kindom of Kush (6)
-
-called Nubia by the egpytians
-rich in gold, ivory and slaves
-bacam and Egyptian colony
- eventually overthrew egypt
-ruled egypt for 100 years
-restored traditional egyptian religion - influences on Egyptian religion(5)
-
-developed in isolation
-clear physical boundaries between life and death (niled and desert)
-regular flooding of nile and unchanging climate
-mummies are natural
-lots of time, nochange - art in ancient egypt (6)
-
-created for the state not the artist
-formal design, no interpretation
-emphasis on continuaty-change is bad!
-not for 'beauty' or 'decoration'
-priority on next life
-not for public display - the pyramids (4)
-
-built through a tax on labor, not by slaves
-pyramid construction links people with their ruler (god)
-annual construction during flood season
-people became dependant on pharoah for support -
definitions of :
monotheism-
polytheism-
earth god-
sky god- -
mono-one god and no other
poly-many gods
earth-farmers practiced it
sky-nomads practiced it - Akhenaton (2)
-
-wanted to change religion of egypt
-worship one god: Aton - Tutankhamen
- -restored egypt's religion
- Hammurabi (4)
-
-1790 BCE Hammurabi king of babylon
-to unite empire he published laws(code of hammurabi)
first one to write down laws
-lex taziones 'law of the tooth' (an eye for an eye) - David
- -united tribes into nation of Israel in 1000 BCE
- Solomon
- -son of david and made a splendid capital
- Ideographic communication (6)
-
-a symbol represents an idea
-simple to read
-universally understood
-not language specific
-not everyone can draw
-unlimited symbols - pictographic writing (7)
-
-symbol represents words
-more precise than Ideographic communication
-language specific
-easier to draw
-many, many symbols
-no longer self-explanitory
- no concepts (ex- recent, hope) - syllabic writing (6)
-
-symbol represents a syllable
-reprsents abstract thought
-new words
-fewer symbols
-many symbols still
-amibiguity - Alphabetic writing (5)
-
-symbol represents a sound
-fewest symbols of all
-everyone can learn
- whole range of thought posiible
-symbols are unrelated - Kingdom of israel (9)
-
-feuding under David
-Solomon turns jerusalem into splendid capital; builds temples
-works paid for thorugh high taxes
-taxes, discontent lead to split kingdoms (N-Israel S- Judah)
-Israel falls to assyria 722 BCE
-population deported, dissapears
-Judah falls to babylon 586 BCE
-diaspora (scattering) during babylonian exhile
-returned to Jerusalem by King Cyrus of Persia - Judaism(5)
-
-Monotheism- one god, not one of many
-God is omnipotent (allpowerful), Omniscient(allknowing) and Omnipresent (everywhere)
-not region specific
-governed by law (religious and civil)
-god acts through history - Uses for mythology (7)
-
-explains where we came from
-nature
-good stuff
-bad stuff
-the unexpected
-the 'big picture'
-what happens when we die - summerian creation story (5, 4sublevels)
-
- Tiamat(salt-water dragon) mingles with Apsu (fresh water abyss)
- Tiamat-chaos evil
-Apsu-goodness
-Tiamat and Apsu team up to destory noisy gods/are defeated
-earth and sky created from their bodies (*alluvial flood plain *sumer located between tigris and euphrates-fresh-, edged by persian gulf-salt- *threatned by salt water intrudsion *evershifting tigris and euphrates) - enlil and the creation of Humans the Myth (5)
-
-oldest of the sumerian gods
-a sky god
-supervised the gods in digging of the tigris and euphrates
-when gods threaten rebellion, Enlil orders man kind to be created
-man replaces the gods as diggers - Enlil and the creation of Humans Behind the myth (5)
-
-Sky gods- nomadic people
-Earth gods- farmers
-a precivilized sumerian god
-even the gods must dig
0justifieas back0breaking toil of the masses - Enlil and the flood the Myth(5)
-
-citieas boom and humans become too noisy
-after plague, drought, and famine people wont quiet down
-Enlil sends a flood
-Enki (god of wisdom) advises a wiseman to build a boat
-makind and animals saved - Enlil and the flood behind the myth (4)
-
-Flood myths are universal (in alluvial flood plains)
-floods periodically torments sumer
-Evidence abounds for regional flodding 2900 BCE
-an ancient 'perfect storm'? - Gilgamesh and Enkidu the myth (5)
-
-gilgamesh is the king or Uruk
-Enkidu is the wild man
-Uruk begs gilgamesh for help
-gilgamesh sends priestess to tame him
-enkidu becomes civilized and befriends gilgamesh - Gilgamesh and Enkidu behind the Myth
- cities have charms to soothe the savage beast
- Epic of gilgamesh the myth (6)
-
-Enkidu is stuck down by gods
-gilgamesh travels on quest to find flood hero, secret to immortality
-finds flood hero Ziusudra
-Death is necessary
-plant of youth stolen by a snake
-Enkidu tells him the underworld stinks - Akkadian Empire (4)
-
-sargon, king of Akkad (not of sumer)
-conquered cities of sumer
-established first empire
-overcome by drought, famine, raiders - Babylonian empire (5)
-
-emerges as regional powe under hamurabi
-efficient centralized government and army
-base 60 math
-precise astronomical observations and predictions
-hammurabi's code - Assyrian empire (7)
-
-iron technology
-iron better than bronze
-militarized culture
-governance through terror
-unified region
-the first librarians
-subject people unify, revolt - Persian empire (5)
-
-New babylon emerges from the ashes of Assyria
-Nebuchadnezzar rebuilds, expands babylon
- persian under cyrus the great conquer babylon and beyond
- persian empire= multiethnic, tolerant
-becom enourmously wealthy through money economy - Phoenicia(4)
-
- traders, sailors and merchants
-carry merchendice , culture throughout mediterranean
-founded numerous colonies
-Invented the alphabet - Homer (4)
-
-composed the Illiad and the odyssey ?
-Illiad and odyssey give sthe greeaks collective identity
-history without writing told by bards
-with rediscovery of writing (from pheonicians) 2 of 10 poems recorded - Darius (3)
-
-Ionia (greeak and asian minor) invaded 520 BCE
-Ionians revolt (499 BCE)/ Athens sends aid
-Darius conquers Ionia again/vows revenge on Athens - Xerxes (5)
-
-Darius' son
-invades Athens in 480 BCE
-huge 250,000 men multinational army combat troops only
-greeks divided on whether or not to fight
-Xerxes marches on Athens - Pericles (5)
-
-a general elected to rebuild Athens
-Build strong navy
-Imvested in public works
-strengthens democracy
-arts flourish - philip of Macedon (5)
-
- on throne 359 BCE
-wanted to conquer city states
-formed alliances
-338 defeated athens and thebes at the battle of Chaeronea
-assasinated at his daughter's wedding - Alexander the Great (4)
-
- son of Philip of MAcedon and Olympias
-was 20 when he took the throne
-won first victory against persians at the granicus riiver
-331 took babylon and Dairus the third was assasinated - Socrates (3)
-
- helped students teach themselves
- Influenced many young Athenians including plato
-put on trial for corrupting youth/condemned to death - Plato (3)
-
-socrates's student
-his 'Republic' describes ideal state
-father of western philosophy - Herodotus (3)
-
-father of history
-father of lies
-fisrt systematic effort to examine the human past - Geography of ancient greece(5)
-
-Harsh rock geography
-little arable (famable) land
- ever present sea
-divides greek people
-water unites greek people - Map (6)
-
Mycenia - on the middle of the first peninsula that look like fingers
-Macedon in the north
-Ionia- on the large peninsula to the east
-Crete is the large Island
-Sparta- bottom of fisrt peninsula that looks like fingers
-Athens- right on tops of the start of the finger like peninsulas - The minoans (5)
-
- named after legendary king Minos
-crete mediterraneas (middle earth ) trade hub
-trade brings technology and writing
-influences the earliest greeks
-the palace of knossos= minotaurs layrinth? - Linear B
- -syllabic writing from ancient Crete
- Miceneans (5)
-
-Indo-european invaders
-conquered mainland greece
-warrior kings rule from walled city-states
-unite greece in the trojan war
-dark age appears with collapse of mycenae (1200 BCE) - Greek dark ages (6)
-
-1200-750 BCE
-Myceneans overrun by dorians
-cities abandoned
-greek colonists spread through Mediterranean
-writing lost
-cultural memory preserved by homer - Homer's work (2)
-
-Illiad and the Odyssey
-gave greeks collective identity - Heroic warfare (3)
-
-combat by champions
-individual soldiers fight for glory
-replete with arete - The trojanwar (4)
-
-cental legend of greek civilization
-fought by gods and mortals
-probibly a real war
- ten year siege broken by stratagem (trojan horse) - The hoplite (4)
-
-moderatly wealthy greek citizen
-paid for own equipment
-heavy infantryman armed with spear, sword, shield, helmet and armor
-fought for property - Hoplite warfare (5)
-
- warfare and agriculture
- organized in phalanxes (rows of hoplites)
- formation and discipline is key
-frist side to break loses
-battle is war - Hoplite battle (12)
-
-location is selected or forced
-opposing lines form
-skirmishers fight
- paen is raised(invoking Pan(ic))
-Phalanxes march, trot, then smashes
-pushing of the shields
-gaps open
-short swords exploit gaps
-discipline/line breaks
-retreat!
-Judges confirm victory
-Heralds record result - Direct democracy (5)
-
-by citizens (assembly)
-elected officials included generals and magistrates
-council of 500 administers decisions made by the assembly
-Tyrant appointed in times of crisis
-women obsolete - City of Athens (4)
-
-seaside polis- city-state
-population 140,000 athenians
-40,000 citizens (male, native, military)
-100,000 slaves - Athenian social structure (9)
-
-all citizen ae freemen:
*aristocrats(wealthy landowners)-served in cavlary or captained triremes
*Farmers (bulk
*Thetes (urban craftsmen and trireme rowers)
-noncitizens
*Metics(people from outside the city)- could not own land or be citizens
*slaves- had no legal rights
*women- had no legal rights - Athenian government (5)
-
-direct democracy by citizens (assembly)
-elected officials included generals and magistrates
-council of 500 administers decisions made by the assembly
-tyrant appointed in times of crisis
-women had no role - Athenian education (7)
-
-Boys:
-taught reading , writing mathematics, music, poetry, sport and gymnastics
-attended school from 5-14
-after early education wealthy attended the academy
military training 18-20 (citizens only)
-Girls
-little or no formal education
- learned spinning weaving and domestic arts - city of sparta (3)
-
-land locked on the rocky peloponnesus
-8,000 spatan citizens (spartiates)
-100,000 slaves and semi enslaved farmers(helots) - Spartan social structure (4)
-
- spartiates (homoioi) Military professionals
-perioci('outsiders' made up craftsmen and trading class)
-Helots(slaves fo serfs who worked the land)- drawn from populations conquered by sparta
-women had few legal rights - Spartan government (5)
-
-Unique structure- part monarchy (2 kings )/ part oligarchy(by few)/ part republican (USA)/ part aristocracy (upperclass)
-2 kings = 2 generals
-all citizens part of assembly
-council could be vetoed by assembly
-women had no role - spartan education Boys (5)
-
-first test at birth, if defect then killed
-taken from parents at 7 to begin military training
-forced to steal from helots
-advanced to higher levels of military at 20
-fully dedicated to state at 30 - Spartan Education Girls (3)
-
-studied rading, writing, athletics
-object was to create good child bearing women
-assigned a husband at 18 - Persian invasion of Ionia (3)
-
- Greek and Asia minor (Ionia) invaded 520 BCE
-Ionians revolt in 499 BCE and athens sends an aid
-Darius conquers Ionia again/vows revenge on athens - battle of marathon (7)
-
-persian fleet land 25,000 troops just outside of athens
-athens appals to all of greece
-10,00 athenian hoplites in defense
-6,400 persians killed, 192 athenians killed
-the first marathon
-persians retreat - second persian invasion (4)
-
-Xerxes invades in 480 BCE
- huge 250,000 man army
-greeks divided on whether or not to fight
-Xerxes marches on athens - Thermopolae (5)
-
-7,000 greeks block a mountain pass
-Xerxes hurls his whole army against halanxes
-300 spartans cover greek retreat
-treachary beats bravary
-Athenians evacuate to salamis - Salamis (6)
-
-'wooden walls'
-Athens is sacked
-Greece rallies behind athens
-371 greek vs. 1207 persian triremes
-geography overcomes numbers
-Xerxes abandones army in Greece - Platea (3)
-
- platea gropes overland back to Asia
- unified greeks crush remiaing persians at platea
-persians never agin threaten greece - Peloponnesian war (3)
-
-sparta marches on athens 431 BCE and looks for decisive land battle
-athens walls and navy keep it alive
-plague strikes athens in 430 BCE - Golden age of athens (6)
-
-athens is asmoking ruin after persian defeat
-pericles is elected to rebuild athens
-builds strong navy
-Invests in public works
-strengthens democracy
-arts fluourish - Athenian empire (4)
-
-Athen's navy rules the mediterranean
-wealth pours into athens
-neighbors follow athens in belian legue
-the rest of greece nervouse and jealous of athens - Syracuse expedition (5)
-
-sparta dominates on land
-athen dominates on sea
-after 17 years of war athens sends a force of ships and 5000 troops to syracuse (sicily)
-one spartan general defeats them
-athen's allies revolt - aftermath of peloponnesian war (5)
-
-athens loses role as leader of greece
-democracy fades
-sparta soon loses role as leader to thebes
0greece remains fragmented
-easy prey for macedon - Greek Philosophy (4)
-
- 'lovers of wisdom'
-explored roles of ethnics and government
-observed nature to discover natural laws
-do laws govern the universe or gods? - Greek art (4)
-
-emphasis on phisical beauty and perfection
-statutory mostly natural non dynamic
-hellenistic(greek and eastern influence) rich, dynamic
-pottery offers best insight into greek worls and world veiw - Greek architecture (3)
-
-strives to convey order and perfection
-Lintel and post style (doorway)
-3 orders of architecture:
-doric(simple)
-Ionic(slender)
-corinthian(elaborate) - Golden ratio (4)
-
-1:1.618034
-called phi
-'naturally' occuring perfection
-used extensivly in greek arts - greek drama (4)
-
-the greek character: apollo vs. Dionysus
-first drama evolved from religious festivals
-drew on collective greek myths
-all male chorus and actors - Aeneas (6)
-
-greeks sack troy
- Venus's son Aeneas collects family, gods, survivors and heads west
-visits carthage
-Lands in Italy
-Founds first roman dynasty in Alba Longa
- the aeneid written in 19 CE - Romulus and Remus (4)
-
-Sons of Mars and virgin princess
-kings sets them afloat on the tiber
-twins wash ashore, nursed by she wolf, and raised by a shepherd
-brother found city where they were abandoned - Hanniabal (3)
-
- wins second punic war, 3 armies are beat
-completly destroyed in the end
-lead army across pyrennes and alps - Gracchi Brothers
- -Gariuc and Tiberious attempt reform and are assasinated
- Spartacus
- lead slave revolts
- Julius Caesar (5)
-
-patrician
-looks to urban poor for support with money from crassus
-caesar and crassus joined by pompey to for the first triumvirate
-killed by senators - Augustus (6)
-
-octavian on trial of assasinators of caesar
-octavain, lopidus, and mark antony for second triumverate
-octavian defeats lopidus then antony
-take stitle augustus from senate
-calls himself princeps (first citizen) - Paul
- -paul includes non jews, writes most of the new testament
- Diocletian (3)
-
-divided empire into eastern and western halves 284 CE
-Appoints coemporer who appoint a caesar(junior emperor)
-keeps better east for himself - Constantine (2)
-
-contintues reforms from diocletian
-builds new capital in Byzantium called constantinople - Theodosius
- -converts empire to christianity which unites them
- Odoacer (3)
-
-barbarian general
-Dethroned alst western emperor
-put himself on the throne - the aeneid (4)
-
- the greeks sack troy
-venus's son flees to carthage
-founds first roman dynasty
-written in 19 CE - the first romans (3)
-
- Latins:shepherds and farmers around the 7 hills
-Greek: Trader and colonists form greece
-Etruscans:Migrated to Italy from asia Minor - SPQR
- Senatus populusques Romalus- senate and people of rome
- Roman society (5)
-
- Family was the glue of roman society
-father had absolute power
-patricians:'fathers' of roman society- rome's upperclass
-plebians:ordinary citizen
-slaves had no rights - Nails in the republican coffin (3)
-
-Economic: polarization of wealth leads to...
-Urban poor: restless masses dependant on state leads to...
-political armies: soldiers serve a general not the state leads to....
THE EMPIRE - Punic wars (7)
-
-carthage=pheonician city
-romes vs. carthage
-first punic war-mostly on sea rome invents corvus(bridge for boat)
-second punic war- hannibal wins, carthage loses romans three armies are beat by hannibal
-cannae- romans get 60,000 person army
-more people die here in one day than WWI
-third punic war- carthage completly destroyed - Rich get richer (4)
-
-carthage looted
-patricians bring home booty, slaves
-patricians states worked by slave labor
-lead families compete for power - poor get poorer (4)
-
-soldier return to find farms desrtoyed
-slave labor takes away job opportunities
-sell property to patricians
-poo, landless romans mover to rome to form 'prolestariat' - caesar the dictator (3)
-
-caersar leads legions across the rubicon
-defeats pompey
-appointed dictator for tn years then assasinated - greek influences (5)
-
- romans emphasize practicality
-borrow and improve
-rome conquers greece
-greek culture conquers rome
-religion, philosophy, science, literature, statuary, and architecture are all greek - Roman architecture (6)
-
-copy greek statuary
-emphasis on realism
-architecture -the practical art
-buildings are funtional and beautiful
-concrete replaces stone
-the arch( kept in place by keystone - The arch (5)
-
-simple arch with keystone
-barrel vault
-groin vault
-aqueduct
-dome - roman engineering (5)
-
- aqueducts water the cities
- roads unite empire
-allow fore easy movement of army
-bridges overcome rivers
-Hadrian's wall - Roman Public Works (4)
-
- bread and circuses- free food and entertainment
-gladitorial games
-public baths temples and theatres
-the insulae (public housing) - roman law (5)
-
-law rules, not the emperor
- equality under the law
-stutory law (written) not common
-publicly displayed
-the twelve tablets - slavery in rome (4)
-
-critical to roman economy
-war captives taken as slaves
-greek slaves prized as doctors, artists, and craftsmen
-other had a harsh, miserable life - early roman religion (6)
-
-polytheistic
-borrowed from greeks
-mars, jupiter chief gods
-female gods loose importance
-emperors claim descent from gods
-generally tolerant of other religions - Judaism in the empire (6)
-
-highly respected for its antiquity
-exempt from worship of roman gods
-feel faith is threatned
-zealots revolt in 66BCE
-recoltcrushed/teple destroyed
-jews scattered (diaspora) - Jesus (7)
-
-jewish teacher (rabbi)
-taught followers law is not enough
-love conquers all
-religious and political revolutionary?
-Jesus the Khristos 'annointed one'
-social revolutionary
-tried by local court, executed by romans - spread of christianity (6)
-
-began as a movement within Judaism
-gospels record life of jesus, mark 1st mathew and luke based on it
-paul resonsible for inclusion of nonjews;writes most of new testament
-jesus as humanity's savior
similar to contemporary religions
-promise of eternal life and value of individual appealed to many - Roman persecution (6)
-
-romans tolerant of nonthreatening religions
-christian refused to worship roman gods (treason)
-persecution begins with nero and burning of rome
-the games and martyrdom
-devout faith encourages new converts
-jesus fish as a way of recognition - from pagan to christian (8)
-
-multinational empire= many many gods
-christian gods is universal
-appealed to all social classes
-all equal in the eyes of god
-christianity gradually wins converts
-constantine converts, legalizes it
-theodosius converts empire
-roman church becomes catholic(universal) chruch - Christianity outside of rome (6)
-
-what is the nature of jesus?
-Jeswish christianity (jesus as messiah)
-arian christianity (jesus as man)
-mestorian christianity(mary mother of christ, he is not son of god)
-coptic christianity (jesus as man and god)
-gnostic chritianity(jesus as an illusion) - The empire in 280 CE (6)
-
-western half:
*declining agricultural productivity
*heavy barbarian incursions
*the 'ulcer' city of rome
- the eastern half
*wealthy 'gateway' for trade from the east
*less open to invasion
*more homogenous legions - Barbarian threats to rome (4)
-
-ostrogoths (eastern goths) settle in the east, absorbed by the huns
-Visigoths (western goths) migrate and settle in the east and west
vandals settle in spain and north africa
-huns are engine for barbarian invasion - the fall: military causes (4)
-
- frontiers settled by retired soldiers
-barbarians migrate and man the legions
-fewer romans in the roman army
-by 476 the west almost entirely barbarian - the fall: economic causes (4)
-
-taxes increase, revenue decreases
-decreased agricultural activity
-climate change?
-imperial over reach and static frontiers - The fall: political causes (3)
-
-political instability leads to civil wars
-emperors spend (waste) money on soldiers and proletariat (poor)
0east and west increasingly independant - the fall: social causes (5)
-
-barbarians replace citizens
-mercenaries replace citizen soldiers
-civic virtues, patriotism evaporates
-depravity
-fat, dumb, and happy - End of the western roman empire (4)
-
-falls in 476 CE ***
-odoacer desposes of romulus augustus and names himself king
-ancient history ends
-eastern empire (byzantine) endre for a millenium