Music 101 Final Exam
Terms
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- compositional technique in which the direction and speed of the notes is determined by the meaning of the words being sung. Example?
- Word painiting, thomas weelkes, as vesta wasfrom Latmos Hills descending
- German multi-movement church composition of the 18th century, often incorporating pre-existing hymn-tunes
- cantata
- Diagram of a rondo
- ABACADA
- Famous builder of violins in the late 17th century
- Stradivarius
- A single line of music with no accompaniment. Example?
- Monophonic, Viderunt Omnes, Anonymous
- Period known for Ornamentation in performance
- Baroque
- Same melody played at different pitches overlapping each other in different parts of the song. Who was best known for this?
- Fugue, Bach
- A playboy named Don Juan rapes a woman. Woman's father fights Don Juan, father dies in fight. Later on, stumbles across father's memorial statue, invites statue to dinner, statue comes to dinner and asks Don Juan to repent his sins, Don Juan refuses and
- Don Giovanni
- Differences between Harpsichord and piano?
- Harpsichord created before piano, keys would be pluck string rather than have a hammer strike string, harpsichord sounds same volume at all times, piano can be played harder or softer, Harpsichord has less keys, sounds like a guitar
- Allegro
- Fast
- Largo
- Slow
- Accelerando
- Speed up tempo
- Mezzo forte
- moderately loud
- Presto
- Very fast
- crescendo
- gradually increase volume
- diminuendo
- gradually decrease volume
- pp
- very soft
- fortissimo
-
very loud
- ritardando
- to slow down tempo
- piano
- soft
- pianissimo
- very soft
- Word that describes that aspect of sound that allows us to tell one instrument from another
- Timbre
- part of an opera that has little music, but much text
- recitative
- part of music that has little dialogue, but much music
- Aria
- Who wrote well-tempered klavier?
- Bach
- Who wrote 41 symphonies?
- Mozart
- Who wrote water music?
- Handel
- Differences between opera and oratorio?
- Opera's first written in Italian and were based on mythical stories in order to entertain civilians with music and story. Used both Aria and recitative. Oratorios were unstaged and more religious. They were written in Englishand based on biblical stories in order to entertain but also educate civilians
- Diagram Sonata Allergro Form
-
1. Exposition
-Theme 1, Theme 2, Repeat
2. Development
-Theme 1, Theme 2, Fragments tension
3. Recapitulation
-Theme 1, Theme 2 - Origins of Opera
- Created in late 16th century by Monteverdi during Renaissance, wanted to recapture power of ancient greek drama, wanted to bring ancient greek drama to life through solo song
- total art work
- Gesamptkunstwerk, Wagner
- Melody that represents "her" in a certain symphony from 1830
- idee fixe, Berlioz, Symophonie Fantastique
- Italian operatic style of early 1800s
- Bel canto, Verdi
- Brief melody associated with a person, thing, or idea in opera
- Leimotif, Wagner
- "Night" music, for piano solo
- Nocturne, Chopin
- Term for art songs, consisting of a poem set to music with one singer and a piano
- Lieder, schubert
- Strong feelings for one's homeland, expressed through music
- Music nationalism
- movement for the unification of Italy
- Risorgimiento
- Group of Russian composers in 1870s and 1880s
- Kuchka, Mussorgsky
- General term for a performer who is highly skilled to an extreme degree
- Liszt
- Series of four long operas, dealing with dragons, giants, dwarves, gods, and heroes.
- Ring of Neiblings
- A symphony, from 1806, which describes nature
- Pastoral symphony, Beethoven
- Nationalist song by Dvorak inspired by Native American and African American folk songs
- New World Symphony
- Wrote 600 lieder, died at age 31
- Schubert
- Wagner had an opera house constructed here. Famous opera house with special effects, stadium seating, dimmed lighting, amplified sound.
- Bayreuth
- His pen names were Florestan and Eusebius
- Schumann
-
The people’s choice to lead a new, free, unified Italy. Green Party, nationalists
- V.E.R.D.I., Giuseppe Verdi
- Who wrote songs without words? What were they?
- Mendelssohn, German lieder without words, invited listener to use his/her imagination
-
A short, one movement composition designed to improve one or more aspects of a performer’s technique. Faster scales, more rapid note repetition, etc. Chopin and Liszt made these.
- Etudes
- General Themes of Romanticism
- Emotions, love, death, nature, nationalism, compositions told listeners stories, evoked emotion. Schubert's Elf King tells story of boy dying in woods. Berlioz's Symophonie tells story of tripping in woods, kills woman he loves when he doesn't think she loves him back anymore, was beheaded for his sins
- Man and son ride through woods, elf king wants to steal child, father couldn't see elf king, rides away with son, arrive home and son is dead, the elf king has taken the sons life
- Elf King, Schubert
- Beethoven's 3 creative periods
-
Early period- played for royalty, wrote sonata pathetique
Heroic period- Became more assertive, bold. Wrote symphony 3 and 5.
Final years- Lost hearing, wrote symphony 9, lots of piano sonatas and string quartets - Choral symphony
- Beethoven, fugue element, longest symphony, carries words in symphony ode to joy, symphony #9
- The will that Beethoven wrote when he was about to kill himself
- The Heiligenstadt Testament
- motive is repeated throughout music from beginning to end
- Motivic Unity
- Binary Form
- It is often necessary for long music to be organized into sections. In binary form, the music is divided into two sections. Big in Baroque era when no words in songs. Split in units consisting of A and B
- Opera Seria vs. Opera Buffa
- Opera Seria was serious, produced during Handel's time. Opera Buffa was comic, style during the enlightenment, classic era
- Concerto grosso
- small group of soloists working together, performing as a unit against the full orchestra
- Brandenburg Concerto
- Bach, harpsichord had a solo, united cadenzas show passage for a soloist toward end of movement, 6 of them, concerto grosso
- Four Seasons
- Vivaldi, All or part of the main theme – the ritornello – returns again and again, invariably played by the tutti or full orchestra
- Basso ostinato
- melody, harmony, or rhythm that continually repeats
-
Music focused on suggestion and atmosphere. Avoided the over-the-top nature of Romanticism. Made listener interpret. Music chords blended together, use whole tone, pentatonic
- Impressionism
- A scale in which all the pitches are a whole step apart
- Whole tone scale, Debussy
- 5 note scale as opposed to the usual 7 note scales
- Pentatonic scale, impressionism
- Music with no key center, not in a single key
- Atonality, schoenberg
- new and unusual or experimental ideas, especially in the arts, or the people introducing them
- avant-garde, Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Ives, Cage
- in music, a cross between speaking and singing in which the tone quality of speech is heightened and lowered in pitch along melodic contours indicated in the musical notation. Associated with Schoenberg in Pierrot Lunaire
- Sprechstimme
- study of the effect of music on culture and every-day life, Bartok
- Ethnomusicololgy
- Doctrine that appeals to the interests and conceptions of the general people, especially those contrasting those interests with the interests of the elite
- Populism (popular-pop music)
- Style of postmodern music that takes a very small musical unit and repeats it over and over to form a composition
- Minimalism, Short Ride in a Fast Machine, Steve Reich
- Composer works not with sounds written for voice or musical instruments, but with those found occurring naturally in the world
- Musique concrete, Edgar Varese
- Emphasized classical forms and smaller ensembles of the sort that had existed in the Baroque and Classical periods
- neo-classical, Stravinsky
- Song with no music or words, just silence
- 4’ 33â€, John Cage
- Put all sorts of stuff in a piano so it made weird sounds, performances were always a little different due to how the piano was prepped and the inconsistencies between that and the previous performance
- Prepared piano, John Cage
- Claude Debussy
- Born a poor French child, became child prodigy on piano at young age, influenced by Wagner, turned poem into songs, wrote orchestras such as Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun, spent later years as music critic, died in 50s from colon cancer
- Igor Stravinsky
- Russian composer, parents wanted him to pursue law school, when dad died became composer, moved to U.S. and was arrested in boston for rearranging the national anthem, worked on hollywood soundtracks, wrote over 100 compositions in life, died in Manhattan
- Arnold Schoenberg
- Created new musical methods like atonality,serialism, and 12 tone composition. Was Austrian, forced to flee to U.S. because of Nazi terror, taught at USC and UCLA
- Bela Bartok
- Born in Austria-Hungary, known for ethnomusicology, wrote nationalistic music, abhorred facism, had to fleeo to U.S. to escape Nazi's, had tuberculosis, went to NC sanatorium to try to cure it
- Charles Ives
- American composer, blended music together, known for polytonality, Yale teachers hated music, thought he was it strange, worked as business executive, had heart attack and survived, stopped playing music after heart attack, won pulitzer prize in 1951
- Aaron Copeland
- Born in Brooklyn, NY, wrote Appalachian Spring, put American elements in music such as jazz and folk, wrote books as well as film scores for movies like Of Mice and Men
- John Adams
- American composer born in Massachusetts, used minimalism in music in songs such as Short Ride in a Fast Machine, also used neo-romantic elements in work, won Pulitzer Prize for work done in wake of 9/11 tragedy
- John Cage
- Born in LA, avant-garde composer with unorthodox and profound ideas, learned 12 tone composition style from working with Schoenberg, practiced Zen buddhism and found all sounds to be music, wrote 4' 33", used a prepared piano so music always sounded differently. Music incorporated minimalism as well
- Two or more keys sounding simultaneously, Ives used this
- Polytonality
- Method of writing music that uses each of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale set in a fixed, predetermined order, created by Schoenberg
- 12 tone composition
- Musical elements (pitch, timbre, and dynamics) come in fixed series- serial music, Schoenberg
- Serialism
- Depicts objects not as they are, but expresses the strong emotion they generated in the artist. Not to paint a portrait of an individual but to express the subject’s innermost feelings. In music: harsh dissonances, asymmetrical rhythms, and angular, chr
- Expressionism