WWI 2nd set
Terms
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- First Battle of the Marne
- French learned Germans plan; 600 taxicabs rushed soldiers from Paris. Germany retreated 60 miles. Quick victory no longer seemed possible.
- Ottoman Empire
-
included the Balkan region.
Some of the Balkans in new nations: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia - Self determination
- allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live
- Militarism
- Glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war.
- no man's land
- space between opposing trenches
- Balkans
- A region in southeast Europe[Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians]
- War's impact on women
- worked with or replaced men in work force, served in military. changed peoples views on women's capabilities
- Powder Keg of Europe
- Balkans -- home to an assortment of ethnic groups: Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians and others
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
- ended war between Germany and Russia March 1918
- Kaiser Wilheim II
- ruler of Germany in 1888
- Lusitania
- British passenger ship carrying ammunition, sunk by German U-Boat killing 1,198, 128 Americans
- Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- heir to Austro-Hungarian throne
- Russia's land losses
- Romania and Poland gained Russian territory. Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania became independent nations.
- Nationalism
- Deep devotion to one's nation
- Machine guns
- fires ammunition automatically; could wipe out waves of attackers
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Annexed by Austria, but Serbia wanted to get them
- Germany's losses
- redrawn borders, colonies mandated to League of Nations, reparations to the Allies,
- Otto von Bismarck
- used war to unify Germany. He saw France as Germany's threat to peace.
- Big Four
- Woodrow Wilson of US, Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy
- Gavrilo Princip
- 19 year old member of the Black Hand who assassinated Franz and Sophie Ferdinand on June 28, 1914
- Tanks
- armored combat vehicle that moved on chain tracks; could move through barbed wire, over trenches
- The Triple Entente
- Great Britain, France and Russia [who felt threatened by Germany] 1907
- Poison gas
- masks needed to protect soldiers; caused blinding or severe blisters, some caused death by choking
- Europe's Great Powers before WWI
- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France.
- Battle of Verdun
- Germans and French lost 300,000 men each
- Serbia
- Russia supported Serbia independence. Austria felt threatened by Serbia's growth
- Gallipoli campaign
- assaults to secure Dardanelles
- Imperialism
- A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically or socially.
- Treaty of Versailles
- peace treaty that punished Germany
- Ultimatum
- list of demands that if not met, will lead to serious consequences
- unrestricted submarine warfare
- Germany sinks any ship in waters around Britain
- Austrian Ultimatum
- 1, end to all anti-Austrian activity. 2. Austrian investigation into assassination.
- Eastern Front
- German and Russian border. Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians and Turks. a more mobile war
- Chain reaction
- Austria declares war on Serbia; Russia backs Serbia; Germany declares war on Russia; Germany declares war on France; Germany invades Belgium; Great Britain declares war on Germany
- Armistice
-
an agreement to stop fighting
Nov 11, 1918. Today called Veterans Day - Western Front
- deadlocked region in northern France where neither side can win
- Astro Hungrian Empire splits
- Austria, Hungary, csechoslovakia, Yugoslavia recognized as independent nations.
- Stalemate
- neither side can win; deadlock
- Second Battle of the Marne
- Central Powers began to crumble. First Bulgarians, then Ottoman Turks
- Triple Alliance
- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
- Battle of Somme
- British and German -- half a million casualities each. Br gained 5 miles
- Schlieffen Plan
- General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen [SCHLEE-fuhn]go west; attack & defeat France [enter thru Belgium], then east to attack Russia
- Trench Warfare
- soldiers fought each other from trenches -- mud everywhere, rats, no fresh food, little sleep
- Central Powers
- Germany and Austria-Hungary in heart of Europe [Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire later]
- total war
- countries devoted all their resources to the war effort
- Allied Powers or Allies
- Great Britain, France and Russia [Japan, Italy, later United States]
- League of Nations
- an internationaol association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations
- Alliance
- Promise to back another in conflict
- submarines
- primary weapon was torpedo, self propelled underwater missle
- rationing
- people could buy only small amounts of items that were also needed for the war effort.
- Woodrow Wilson
- U.S. President asked Congress to declare war on Germany April 2, 1917
- Dardenelles
- narrow sea strait was gateway to Ottoman capital, Constantinople [defeat Turks create supply line to Russia]
- Spanish flu
- killed 20 million people world wide. deadly strain of influenza
- Arthur Zimmermann
- Germany's foreign secretary
- Zimmermann note
- to German ambassador in Mexico; Germany would help Mexico reconquer land lost to US if Mex would ally with Germany
- propaganda
- one sided information designed to persuade -- to keep up morale and support for the war. war posters
- Wilson's Fourteen Points
- end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, reduced national armies and navies, adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial peoples. Self determination
- Airplane
- take photographs, drop bombs, guns shoot through propellers for dogfights