Chapter 34
Brianna's guide, edited by me
Terms
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- Rhineland
- GE dominated land that FR demanded during peace talks post-WWI
- Cohan
- Composer of "Over There," the most memorable American propaganda war song
- Pershing
- Commander of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive who relied more on the Allies than they did him; most of the artillery pieces were EU manufactured, aircrafts supplied by GB & FR
- Cox
- Governor of OH who D nominated for presidency; runningmate=FDR;
- Over There
- the most memorable American propaganda. Composer - Cohan
- Iraq
- Oil-rich country awarded to GB as spoils of war
- Security Treaty
- Treaty pushed by Clemenceau to guarantee US & GB loyalty/help if GE should invade again; was quickly shot down by Congress who wanted to avoid entangling alliances
- War Industries Board
- Baruch was appointed to lead this, a commission designed to help organize US manufacturers for war that had little formal powers and basically failed -- disbanded shortly after WWI ended
- Four-minute men
- A grp of 75000 of these guys were employed by Creel who delivered countless speeches containing patriotic pep
- Baruch
- Stock speculator who was appointed to War Industries Board, a commission disbanded shortly after WWI ended
- Solemn referendum
- Wilson's call for a Demo president in 1920 to solve the League issue, was considered sheer folly
- 25th Amendment
- Passed in 1967, this amendment provided for a VP to take over pwr for an incapacitated president (section 4)
- Irreconcilables
- Faction led by Borah (ID), & Johnson (CA) who believed in isolationism and vehemently opposed Wilson's plans for an overpotent "superstate" [League of Nations]
- Rankin
- First female Congresswoman, is from MT; voted in the year US went to war w/ EU; pacifist & against war, votes against WWI so in next election she's defeated; reelected in 1940 and against voted against involvement in WWII, defeated in 1942 (only vote against war
- Liberty cabbage
- In xenophobic hysteria during WWI, sauerkraut came to be known as this
- Faith
- Concrete vessel launched in haste during WWI
- Siberia
- Location in EU where Wilson sent 10000 troops as part of an Allied expedition including more than 70,000 JP; US wanted to prevent JP from getting a stranglehold & rescue from Czechoslovak troops
- Carolines, Marianas, Marshalls
- GE islands in the Pacific seized by JP during the war and illegally fortified & used as bases against US in WWII
- Fourteen Points
- Wilson's speech where he claims WWI was the war to end all wars 1. No more secret treaties 2. Freedom of the seas 3. No economic barriers 4. Reduction of armament, etc. Wilson's plan for world peace: League of Nations
- General Strike
- Ultimate goal of IWW, all workers in US go on strike, cripping capitalist machine
- Pueblo, CO
- Location on Wilson's speaking tour where he pleaded for League w/ tears in his eyes; later that night he collapsed from physical exhaustion
- Farmerettes
- What women who entered agriculture as the vacuum of jobs became available were called
- Château-Thierry
- Location in FR of the first significant engagement of American troops in an EU war; thus stopping GE advance on Paris
- Council of National Defense
- Civilian council that studied problems of economic mobilization, one of Wilson's mild preparedness measures before WWI
- Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
- a very left-leaning Union, goal was for a general strike to disrupt and end capitalism & bring about anarchy
- St. Mihiel
- Location in FR where, in Sep 1918, 9 American divisions joined FR to push GE from the "dagger in FR's flank."
- Shantung peninsula
- Part of China JP demanded, Wilson decided to compromise & give GE interests there to JP under the condition JP would give peninsula back to China at a later date
- Article 231
- "war guilt clause," in the Treaty of Versailles that puts all blame on GE for starting the war; GE must acknowledge responsibility & be charged reparations that caused horrible inflation
- National War Labor Board
- Commission w/ frmer Pres Taft as cochairman that est. as ct. for labor disputes, seeing over 1000 cases come before it
- Haywood
- IWW leader who, with 99 of his associates, were convicted for violating the Espionage Act
- Zimmermann note
- GE foreign secretary sends a note to MX coaxing them to join WWI on the side of GE & gaining the S.W. territories taken by US as spoils of war; intercepted by US
- York
- A member of an antiwar religious sect who became a hero when he single handedly killed 20 GE & captured 120 more.ir
- Fiume
- Seaport inhabited by Italians & Yugoslavs; IT demanded this port, but Wilson recommended it go to Yugoslavia, pissing off IT
- Henry Cabot Lodge
- Chair of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations who had a bad relationship w/ Wilson; was an obvious (R) choice for Wilson to take w/ him w/ his delegation, but didn't
- Lodge reservations
- Sen. Lodge accepts Treaty of Versailles but wants to "republicanize" it by adding in a bunch of reservations, 14 to be exact, safeguarding US under Monroe Doctrine to protect US sovereignty
- Irish-Americans
- Ethnic grp in America violently opposed to League because it gave GB too much pwr & could possibly be used to hinder Ireland independence
- Unlimited submarine warfare
- Policy enacted by GE declaring they would sink all ships, including America's, in the war zone, thus jerking on their "string," in the Sussex ultimatum
- Foch
- French leader who united all Allied command; his axiom="To make war is to attack"
- Saar Valley
- Coal-rich area in GE claimed by FR as spoils of war; ended up remaining under a protectorate of League for 15yrs; 1935 it voted overwhelmingly to return to GE
- Meuse-Argonne Offensive
- Pershing's army undertook this offensive; objective was to cut GE RR lines; battle last 47days & used 1.2 US troops
- Conscription
- Requirement for all men between ages of 18-45 to be drafted; only answer to raising an immense army w/ all possible speed
- Syria
- Country awarded to FR as spoils of war
- League of Nations
- 1st world gov't meant to open discourse between all nations, #14 of 14 points
- Espionage Act 1917
- Congressional legislation banning aiding the enemy in any way; Debs was convicted for violating this while giving a speech
- Committee on Public Information
- Committee est. to mobilize America's mind for war; had to sell America on the war & world on Wilsonian war aims
- Doughboys
- Nickname for WWI soldiers because of their relatively young age; generally in late teens/early 20s
- Victory gardens
- Food surpluses were piled up in part because Americans began creating gardens to cultivate crops instead of depending on agri-business
- Harding
- Senator from OH who was decided to be R nominee after bosses meeting in Room 404 of Hotel Blackstone
- Borah, Johnson
- Led "irreconcilables" who believed in isolationism and vehemently opposed Wilson's plans for an overpotent "superstate" [League of Nations]
- Fuel Administration
- Voluntary compliance commission that exhorted Americans to save on gas w/ "heatless Mondays," "lightless nights," etc.
- American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
- troops led by Blackjack Pershing; the front stretching northwestward from Swiss border to FR lines
- Treaty of Versailles
- Treaty ending WWI that contained only 4/23 original Wilsonian points/principles; GE felt betrayed; assailed by multiple grps in US too
- Liberty steak
- In WWI hamburgers came to be known as
- Paris Conference
- This meeting was where treaty of Versailles negotiated
- Article X
- Section of the League that morally bound US to aid any member victimized by external aggression; criticized by Lodge
- Archangel
- Location in northern RU where US sent 5000 troops to keep munitions from getting into GE hands
- Argonne Forest
- Where an especially heavy amnt of fighting in Meuse-Argonne Offensive took place, where 120,000 (10% of US involved) were killed/wounded
- Liberty Loans, Victory Loans
- Loan drives that nets $21 billion towards the war [the remainder of war paid by taxes]
- Trench warfare
- Futile fight to the death between 2 armies fighting in a series of trenches, employed during WWI; the "edge" side only capable of moving enemy back a few miles; all-out war leading to stalemate
- St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne
- Locations of the only 2 major battles US fought in the war
- Bolsheviks
- Communist radical sect that seized pwr of RU in late 1917 and removed their country from the "capitalistic," war in early 1918
- Clemenceau, George, Orlando, Wilson
- The Big Four at Paris Conference, in alphabetical order
- Food Administration
- Board that utilized voluntary compliance rather than formal edicts to help conserve American food-stuffs for the soldiers
- Sedition Act 1918
- Congressional measure banning saying "unloyal," things during wartime; violated 1st amendment rights & convicted many
- Second Battle of the Marne
- Second Foch counteroffensive that marked the beginning of GE withdrawal never effectively reversed
- Hoover
- Man chosen to head Food Administration who waged a whirlwind propaganda thru posters, billboards, newspapers, etc.
- Great Migration
- Large movement of African Americans in the Deep South to the Northern cities as more jobs became available during WWI