Neuroscience 1
Terms
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- Walter Dandy
- US neurosurgeon 1886-1946 xray techniques used ventriculography
- MEG
- 1968 first reading (noise was very loud) magnetically shielded room from the subway. Copper induction coil very low SNL
- pyramidal cells
- triangular cells that are the largest cells in the cortex perpendicular to the surface of the cortex
- Phrenology
- invented by Gall mapping of brain function onto scalp promience of specific areas of the scalp = increased capability for underlying brain area
- Cerebral angiography
- contains dye injected into blood enhanced visibilty of the bood vessels on xray early risks from painful toxic dye
- Axon
- sends info wrapped in mylin
- Franz Joseph Gall
- German neuroanatomist physiologist 1758-1828 came up with the idea differences in scalp mean differences in brain
- Cingulate Cortex
- involved in attention process (show up in fMRI)
- Medulla
- brain stem- breathing and reflexes
- Thalamus
- relays senses or sensory information to cortex- lower and upper brain center
- MRI
- magnetic resonance image first human one 1977 Ogawa 1990 fMRI (measures brain activity) in rodents MRI (focuses on the structure) 1992 Kwong did first MRI on human- focuses on water content
- Wernickes area
- language area, if there is a lision you have trouble understanding or comprehending speech
- Hypothalamus
- in charge of eating, drinking, emotions, stresses
- Lobes of the cortex
- frontal, temporal, parietal, occiptal
- Egas Monriz
- neurologist 1874-1955 invented cerebral angiography
- Cascade of events
- active nuerons: psp's (electrical activity creates) --> metabolic demand--> more blood to replenish nutrients
- James Zimmerann
- MIT 1969 SQUID better shielded room similar quality to EEG
- Cerebral Cortext
- new part of the brain- extensive wrinkled outer layer of the brain governs higher brain functions like thinking, learning, and consciousness
- Post synaptic potentials
- chemical electrical activity of the nuerons
- Kuhl and Edwards
- 1963 SPECT
- Gyri/sulcus
- outer folds on the cerebral cortex, gyrus first folds into those are sulcus
- Dendrites
- recieves the information
- Deply
- NIR monitors for neonatal ICU 1984
- Neurons 3 parts
- axons, dendrites, soma
- Grattons
- frequency domain imaging of fast brain activity in 1994 NIRS
- Ventriculography
- drill holes in the skull and pump air into the ventricles gave idea of what brain structure looked like
- Hans Berger
- German physiologist and psychiatrist created EEG
- Parietal Lobe
- body sensation (where your body is)
- David Cohen
- Canadian physicist invented MEG magnetoencephaography
- Brocas area
- language area, if there is a lision you have trouble producing speech
- Frontal Lobe
- cognition recent memory planning of movement and some aspects of motion
- Temporal Lobe
- hearing and advanced visual processing
- Soma
- cell body
- Midbrain
- thalamus and hypothalamus
- SPECT
- first emission coherence tomography device Mark VI single gamma ray similar to PET measures output of radition but measures gamma rays
- Cerebellum
- coordinates muscle movements
- Masso's non invasive experienment
- used a balance table whenever a person thought an emotional or cognitive task tipped the table toward the head
- Godfrey Hounsfield
- English electrical engineer 1919-2004 computed tomography CT 1972 allowed x-ray slices
- Occipital Lobe
- in control of vision
- PET
- measures poistron isotopes/radition not great until CT algorithems were applied first commerical SPECT Tomamatic-32 camera
- EEG
- used human subjects in the 20's looks at ceisure activity measures frequency in hertzs alpha range (8-12 Hz) relaxed but awake state, spontaneous electrical activity, patterns of activity change over time
- Gray vs White Matter
- white is axons wrapped in fat gray is the dendrite and cell body
- Angelo Masso
- Italian physiologist 1846-1910 did invasive research with the churchbell- looked at the patients skull when the bell would ring and blood with flow (any cognitive process causes blood flow)
- Measure of cascade events
- postsynaptic potential - electrical currents and magnetic fields metabolic demand- oxygen consumption and glucose metabolism blood- blood volume and blood flow
- Allan McLeod Cormack
- in US invented similar process shared 1979 Nobel Peace Prize w/ Housfield
- Frans Jobsis
- invented NIRS neared infrared spectroscopy in 1977
- Paul Lauterbur
- US chemist 1929-2007 zuegmatography created magnetic resonance image MRI 1973
- NIR
- NIR light could be dectected through the head, changed with hypervenilation (blood oxygen levels)
- Pneumoencephalography
- CSF is drained and replaced with air so you can see brain structure- painful and dangerous with bad side effects. Used in surgery