ch 6 for music
Terms
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- aria
-
an elaborate lyrical song for solo voice usually within the opera genre.
Arias are generally reflective of emotional happenings in a movement
ex: Dido and Aeneus - Purcell - Arioso
- a style of singing and a type of song midway between an aria and a recitative
- basso continuo
- a small ensemble of at least two intruments who provide a foundation for the melody or melodies above. Heard almost exclusively in Baroque music.
- basso ostinato (ground bass)
- a motive or phrase in the bass that is repeated again and again
- concertino
- the group of instruments that function as soloists in a concerto grosso
- concerto grosso
- a three movement concerto of the Baroque era that pits the sound of a small group of soloists (concertino) against that of the full orchestra (tutti)
- harpsicord
- a keyboard instrument, popular during the Baroque era, that provides sound by depressing a key that drives a lever upward and forces a pick to pluck a string. (pre-piano)
- libretto
- the text of an opera
- melodic sequence
-
the repetition of a musical motive at successively higher or lower scale degrees.
ex: Vivaldi's "Spring" first movement - movement
- a large independent section of a major instrumental work, such as a sonata, dance suite, symphony, quartet, or concerto. Movements are designated in instrumental genres- concerto, sonata (both da camera and da chiesa)
- opera
-
a dramatic work in which the actors sing some of all of their parts.
ex: Purcell - Dido and aeneus - monteverdi
- composer of the first opera - Orfeo
- opus
- the term adopted by composers to enumerate and identify their compositions
- recitative
- musically heightened speech, often used in an opera, oratorio, or cantata to report dramatic action and advance the plot. (It moves the story along, connects the arias.)
- ritornello
-
the italian word for "return" or "refrain" - a short musical passage in a Baroque concerto grosso invariably played by the tutti.
ex: Vivaldi - "Spring" - The Seasons
- a collection of 4 solo concerti writen by Vivaldi. Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter. Each concerto has 3 movements.
- secco recitative
- "dry" recitative accompanied only by the harpsicord
- solo concerto
- a concerto in which an orchestra and a single preformer in turn present and develop the musical material in the spirit of harmonious competition
- solo sonata
- a work, usually in three or four movements for keyboard. When another solo melodic instrument played a sonata in the Baroque era it was supported by the basso continuo.
- Sonata da camera
- chamber sonata: a suite for keyboard or small instrumental ensemble made up of individual dance movements.
- sonata de chiesa
- church sonata: a suite for keyboard or small instrumental ensemble made up of movement indicated only by tempo marks such as grave, vivace, adagio. Originally intended to be performed in church.
- terraced dynamics
-
a term used to describe the sharp, abrupt dynamic contrasts found in the music of the Baroque era.
ex: Vivaldi "Spring" - dynamic changes heard when music moves from solo to tutti - quiet, loud. - toccata
- a one movement composition free in form (not much repetition) originally for solo keyboard but later for instrumental ensemble as well.
- trio sonata
- an ensemble of the Baroque period consisting actually of four performers, two playing upper parts and two n the basso continuo instruments.
- tutti
- (Italian for "all") the full orchestra or full performing force
- viola de gamba (bass viol)
- (precursor to the cello/double bass) the lowest member of the viol family, primarily used in the music of late Renaissance and Baroque eras.
- walking bass
- a bass line that moves at a moderate pace, mostly in equal note values, and often stepwise up or down the scale.