World War 2 / Post-war (by Kate)
kates terms for the last test
Terms
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- Marshall plan
- US enslaved European economics by helping them out after ww2. wouldn't send money to any communist countries. Related to the red scare. Centrist with catholic base. Reaction to cold war + need for stability.
- Christian democratic parties
- center right coalition party which had control 45 - 50s because of red scares.
- Civic forum
- group of dissidents + students let by havel
- Imvre nagy
- Hungarian leader invited back after the revolt. He was in the lead when hungary announced that they would leave the Warsaw pact. They weren't allowed. Soviet troops came in and assassinated nagy.
- Treaty of Maastricht EC to EU
- changed the European community to the European union
- Berlin blockade
- west germany and (east) berlin were allowed communication. Soviets didn't like that. Cut off train ways / roads. Afterwards, US planes 24/7 maintaining presence in west berlin. Brought them food, medicine etc. soviets backed down. Couldn't keep up defensive blockade. Lost.
- Sudetenland
- highly industrialized area given to Czechoslovakia by Versailles w/ the purpose of weakening germany. 80-90% german, though. Hitler initiated the munich conference with mussolini's help because he was afraid that his men wouldn't be able to invade Czechoslovakia. The people reconfigured the boundaries to match nationalities. Took away tons of pieces of Czechoslovakia in the name of self determination.
- Samizdat literature
- underground movement in soviet Russia. Things banned by the soviet union. These guys were well known literary figures, so couldn't be executed. Openly critical of regime, which was problematic. Given permission to leave in Russia. Their texts were banned in Russia, but people would smuggle books in and pass them around.
- The berlin wall
- krenz made a speech which implied that the berlin wall which separated west and east berlin should be taken down, so they took it down. Started many fall of communism movements in other countries.
- Andrew Sakharov
- physicist in russia. ??????????
- Refusniks
- wanted to leave the soviet union and go to Israel / be jewish. Soviet gov refused to let them be religious. Also refused to give them visas. Began to include artists, creative people who felt stifled by the system.
- Margaret thatcher
- conservative prime minister (first woman) of Britain. Tax cuts for the rich. Controversial.
- Cold war
- no direct conflict. Proxy conflict. Between the US and Russia.
- Mikhail gorbachev
- caught between hardline and reform communists. Hardline communists attempted a coup. Failed. ?????????????
- Helmut kohl
- chancellor of east germany. In favor of unifications.
- Existentialism
- cultural / social effect of ww2. philosophy. no purpose to life.
- Josip broz / tito
- Marxist Leninist communist who hated stalin. Soviet forces never allowed to come in and liberate Yugoslavia. He creates his own communist authoritarian regime. Not under stalin's control.
- Nazi - soviet - non - aggression pact / molotove - Ribbentrop
- surprise. If germany invades Poland, soviets won't attack germany. Public announcement. Upsets everyone, even Mussolini, b/c Mussolini = ideologically pure. Secret provisiosn: soviets + germans divide up Poland + its surrounding countries. Now there's nothing to stop him from invading.
- Anschluss
- joining of germany - Austria. Failed at first because italy stood up to Hitler since Austria would be a threat to italy. The non-joining went against self-determination, but it was banned by the Versailles treaty so germany wouldn't get too strong. Eventually it was successful.
- Phony war
- ww2 39 - 40. hitler's break for the winter. Took northern lands for ports and to defend and attack from the sea. Defensive.
- Stalingrad
- turning point of invasion of Russia. After this, Hitler begins to retreat.
- Maginot line
- after germans remilitarize the river bordering france, france builds a line of bunkers and trenches on the franco-german border. Ostrich mentality. They could just fly over, duh.
- Vietnam
- French lost. Had to get out. Defeated by puny nations. Not a lot of actual political turmoil, but it made them feel bad.
- Vichy france
- fascist authoritarian corporate puppet government after france was overtaken.
- Solidarity
- massive organization of illegal trade unions in Poland led by lech Walesa. It + the catholic church = a lot of opposition to communism in Poland. When free elections began, they won all the seats. Ended communism.
- De gaulle
- president of france brought back during the Algeria crisis. Gave Algeria their independence and was trusted. Head of the 5th republic in france, which had an especially strong president for a parliamentary democracy. Republic + strong leader. Student / worker demonstrations ended up leading to the collapse of his government.
- Glasnost
- soviet movement which tried to give freedom of expression.
- Single Europe act
- free movement
- Schengen agreement
- allowed immigration
- Fransisco franco
- spain, began active military action against spain's standing gov. started a civil war.
- Securitate
- police force. Beat up pastor from town of timisora. Everyonewas against these police. There was fighting between the army and the police. Riots. Led to bloody fall of communism in Romania.
- Ethiopia
- italy expands by taking it over. Last unclaimed African place. Italy had the most tech advanced air force. Artistic depictions. Other countries upset. League of nations stepped in.
- Blitzkrieg
- german method of war. Waves of planes, tank attack, infantry. Tested in spain during the Spanish civil war.
- Nuremberg trials
- political effect of ww2. put past Nazis on trial. A part of de-nazification.
- Boris yeltsin
- first elected president of Russia in 1991 after fall of the soviet union. Becomes more liberal. Suspended communist party in Russia. Went out, stood on a tank, made an amazing speech. ??????????????
- Velvet revolution
- 10 days. Czech gov didn't repress the movement. Inspired by the berlin wall falling and a violent reaction by police / riot squads against a protest.
- Operation round table
- official opposition to the Hungarian government. Helped lead to the fall of communism in hungary, which was a peaceful transition.
- Perestroika
- restructuring. Trying to get people involved in the government. ???????????
- Red scare
- cultural / social effect of ww2. afraid of communists, even those who helped put down the fascists and should be national heroes.
- Egon krenz
- new leader of east germany after honecker. Allowed east germans to leave for west germany. 16 million did so. Allowed free elections thinking he would win but he lost and his gov fell.
- EC
- European community.
- Appeasement
- giving in to Hitler to forstall the war. Gave him more power in the long run.
- Todor zhikov
- controversial leader in Bulgaria. Forced to resign.
- Timisora
- town. Hungarians were the minority, and they were discriminated against by the Romanians. Inspired the bloody revolt in Romania and the fall of communism there.
- Leningrad
- sieged. Shows perserverance of Russians. Trapped. Starved.
- Lech Walesa
- led solidarity in Poland
- Nicolae Ceausescu
- communist party leader in Romania. Had to deal with debt problems. Was really bad, so he and his wife were executed. Media coverage.
- Paulus
- german general
- Munich
- meeting that Czech wasn't invited to. Hitler, Mussolini, chamberlain (br), Daladier / benes. Sold out Czechoslovakia to prevent war.
- Treaty of rome -> EEC
- European economic community.
- Janos jaidar
- liberalized hungary. Kicked out after hungary declared political pluralism. (first country to do that)
- Spanish civil war
- ran out of kings. Started a republic. Anarchists vs fascists. Too polarized. Russia helped the republic, germany / italy helped the fascists. Br + france didn't do anything. Republic failed because democracies wouldn't help the non-fascist effort even though many people from other places came and tried their best. Franco took over.
- Daladier / benes
- ??????
- Breznev
- leader of communist party in soviet Russia. Almost as bad as stalin.
- Vaclav havel
- playwright who wrote banned plays, led the civic forum
- NATO
- trade alliance to help the people across the atlantic. Begun before the Warsaw pact. NATO vs Warsaw. Helped develop the cold war.
- National salvation front
- new opposition party which won elections in Romania.
- Warsaw pact
- not voluntary alliance to protect the soviet union. Begun after the threat of NATO. NATO vs Warsaw. Helped develop the cold war.
- Sanctions
- when you don't allow certain items to be traded. Britain and france did these against italy when it took over Ethiopia. Still gave them gas and oil even though that would have completely stopped them.
- De-nazification
- political effect of ww2.
- Quisling
- president of Norway (which was overtaken by germany. Betrayer of the country.)
- General jarulzelski
- communist leader in Poland who thought he'd win the free elections, but he didn't
- Dollfuss
- created an authoritarian regime in Austria. Assassinated.
- Politburo
- cabinet in Bulgaria. Committee that supported the leader in the soviet system. There were these in a lot of communist places.
- Algeria
- called it metropolitan france. Close colonies. Across the Mediterranean. Massive efforts at terrorist activities to make a statement. French gov responded to Algerian terrorism brutally. Call their president back, and he gives them their independence and they trust him because he has such good credentials and is such a good nationalist.
- Amsterdam treaty
- made a European army.
- Albania
- italy took over it. (rocks + goats) ended up hurting Italian factories / companies
- Velvet divorce
- split Czech republic and slovakia due to nationalist tensions. Both have really weak economies.
- Pact of steel
- strong as steel. Mussolini wanted a pact of blood. If either germany or italy decided to go to war for any reason against anyone, the other would follow. Br + fr still wouldn't do anything because thought Hitler wouldn't invade Poland because soviets would stop them.
- Little entente
- French alliance with Czechoslovakia.
- Erich honecker
- communist leader in east germany / DDR. Forced fleeing east germans to return to germany. Then he was forced out of the gov.
- Jon iliescu
- ??????????