Indian Ocean Trade and Empires Unit

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May 20, 1498: date when Vasco da Gama arrived in Calicut, India
Jan Pieterszoon Coen: head of VOC, wanted to completely control Indonesian trading, focus on Java.
Nongovernmental International Organizations (NGO) and specific examples: Work with other nations to take on problems that don't pertain to territorial boundaries. Examples: Red Cross, WHO, Greenpeace, UN, Geneva Convention
Goa: capital of Asian Portuguese colonies (in India)
Mansa Moussa: King of Mali empire who promoted Islam, especially by making his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324
Geneva Convention: a NGO where 12 nations came up with rules for treatment for the wounded and and the protection of medical staff
Laimist Buddhism: branch of Buddhism related to shamanism b/c believe in magic and supernatural powers. accepted widely by Mongols since so closely related and b/c Laimists saw Mongols as having great legitimacy
1394-1460: Life of Prince Henry the Navigator
Global Interdependence: people and nations all over the world now depend upon one another for many goods and services as a result of the growing trend of consumers getting goods from across the world.
Global Warming and Biodiversity: Global issues the whole world must work together to deal with. biodiversity threat: growing extinction of animal and plant species b/c of habitat destruction
Lisbon: port city in Portugal
Francesco Petrach: Italian who because of his experiences during the plague decided to promote a society based on ancient Rome and Greece. Brought about Classical Renaissance
Seven Years War: War fought between British and England. British won. Fought over settled regions in North America. First global war. weakened England so American colonists take advantage and revolt
Serfdom: after plague in Europe, people feel more secure and protected working for landlords as serfs
Hundred Years War: After plague due to political instability, war between England and France over claims of land. Numerous different battles over control of French lands. Result in need to advance technology of military.
Chinese means of navigating through oceans: maps, compass, wood, population, monsoon knowledge, "high-tech" ship technology.
United Nations: follower of the League of Nations. Countries that are members work together to solve global issues
1519-1522: Magellan's circumnavigation of the world
Guanche: natives of the Canary Islands
Volta do Mar: "Return through the Sea." Portuguese sea route that took advantage of prevailing winds and currents, not the monsoon winds
khan: nomadic leaders/rulers
Eunuchs: men trusted greatly by Ming emperors. men unable to reproduce (aka: cannot threaten emperor).
Isabel of Castile: queen of Spain who, with husband, rebuilt Spain after plague, completed reconquista, sent Christopher Columbus
Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Document that was adopted by the UN in 1948 to protect the rights of all people. Included: arrest, torture, discrimination, etc.
Globalization: the breaking down of traditional boundaries in the face of increasing global financial and cultural trends
Manila: big trading Spanish port city, hub of Christianity, lots of Chinese.
Maluku: spice islands in the Indian Ocean known primarily for nutmeg
Khanbaliq: after captured nomadic Jurchens, changed the capital to Khanbaliq ("city of the khan")
Ilkhan Ghazan: leader of Mongols who converted to Islam in 1295. In result, most Mongols convert too. cause massacres of Christians and Jews. Islam become privileged position in Muslim Persian Society.
King Louis XI: King of France during Hundred Years War who developed large, constant army and mercenaries. Give France an edge over anyone seeking to challenge them.
Eva Peron: Argentinian cultural icon who after her death became famous throughout the world via music, movies, etc.
Reconquista: Crusade that ended in 1492, driving Islamic forces out of Spain. Key for Christianity in Spain, allow no no ther religions in Spain
Examples of Cross-Cultural Interaction: goods for trade, religious beliefs, animals, crops, diseases, technology,
Vasco da Gama: sailed around Cape of Good Hope in Africa and arrived in Calicut
Homogenization: to make something the same by blending its components (cultures across the world mizing together andbecoming similar)
Reformation: in 1520s, time for change in Catholic Church, lead to war and development of Lutheranism, then more branches. (separate to Catholicism and groups of Protestants)
Bubonic Plague: disease that ravaged China and Europe in the 1300s and spread via trade routes. effect of cross-cultural interaction
Zheng He: eunuch admiral who led 7 naval expeditions through Indian Ocean searching for exotic goods.
Temujin: Genghis Khan's given name
Qing Dynasty: Manchu nomads who conquered the Ming. unified by Nurhaci, many emperors extend empire, preserve culture, Confucian values.
Dutch areas of control: Melaka, Batavia (modern Java), Capetown, Banda Islands, most of Indonesia
Ming Dynasty: "brilliant" dynasty. first established dynasty after the Mongols left China. rebuild China so become very prosperous. time of cultural enrichment and separation from Mongol and nomadic culture.
1324: year of Mansa Musa's hajj
Taino: Caribbean tribe who were the first natives Columbus met
Hongwu: first Ming emperor. got rid of all evidence og Mongols, reestablished Confucian values, centralize authority, very paranoid. *send off number of naval expeditions to Indian Ocean.
San Salvador: island in the Bahamas that Christopher Columbus found and renamed when he met the Taino
1768-1780: James Cook's voyages through the Pacific
Granada: often sought-after small kingdom originally controlled by Muslims until Spain win reconquista in 1492
Prince Henry the Navigator: Prince of Portugal who sponsored campaigns to spread Christianity and increase Portuguese influence in ocean trade
Spice Race: "race" between England, Portugal, Spain, and the Dutch to control the spice islands (Banda Islands, Java, Melacca
Bartolomeu Dias: Portuguese captain who was the first to sail around the Cape of Good Hope to get to the Indian Ocean
Nuremberg War Crime Trials: governmental org. and NGOs focus on human rights, these trials were full of national judgement as to whether Nazi crimes were crimes against humanity. (shows common values in societies across world)
Mali: western african kingdom that reached its peak under reign of Mansa Moussa
Yongle: successor of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty. organized encyclopedia (Yongle Encyclopeedia) containing massive anthology of Chinese history, philosophy, and literature.
Karakorum: the capital of the Mongol Empire that Genghis Khan named
Tributary System: Indian Ocean trading system
Tsar/Czar: adapted Russian name for ruler than Ivan the great first used when modeling his empire after the Byzantines.
1403-1433: beginning and end years of Zheng He's voyages
Age of Access: since in recent years ways of communication have increased, people able to contact each other/ discover other cultures from far away. in technology, countries modify things like internet to fit their values
Alfonso d'Alboquerque: commander of Portuguese naval forces conquered Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka. Wanted to control Indian Ocean trade by making all trade ships to pay for passes.
Portuguese areas of control: Hormuz, Goa, western African coast, part of Melaka,
Ulaanbaatar: modern-day Mongolian capital; Ghenghis Khan built massive palace there
Melaka/Melacca: city on Malay Peninsula, popular for trading, Islamic b/c was Zheng He's first stop
Northwest Passage: mostly sought after by England. searched for a northwestern route from Europe to Asia. required to go through Arctic Circle
Cultural Imperialism: Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority. (p. 894)
Tikal: Mali political center city
Club of Rome: founded in 1967. composed of economists and scientists who work to specify the economic and population growth in relation to the earth's capacity. often classified as melodramatic
1469: year that Isabel and Ferdinand married, Columbus discover Americas, and win Reconquista by pushing Muslims out of Grenada
1756-1763: Seven Year's War
Ferdinand Magellan: sailor who circumnavigated the world, stopping in Maluku, tried to find western route to Asia
Grand Prince Ivan III "Ivan the Great": Gained Russian independence from Mongols and unite Russians. Make Moscow huge trade center and seized huge trading city of Novgorod.
Spanish areas of control: Philippines, Manila
1565-1575: Spanish conquest of the Philippines
United East India Company (VOC): Dutch equivalent of the English joint-stock company
Petrach's 3 methods/effects of revival: 1) Revival of ancient cirriculum schools (philosophy, humanities, Latin and Greek languages), 2) New purpose for education/life (participation in politics, students=leaders) 3) revive content and techniques of ancient Roman art
English areas of control: primarily India (Calcutta, Bombay, Madras)
European means of navigating the oceans: volta do mar, learn wind patterns, compass, astrolobe (for latitude), Chinese compass, rudder, sails, more mobile ships
1368: end of mongol empire, founding of Ming Dynasty
Sir Francis Drake: though failed at finding the northwest passage, discovered many other parts of navigating through the Pacific
Ottomans: powerful Turkish empire
Shamanism: religion of most Mongols, but also tolerate all others
Mongal Army Strategies/Skills: good questrians, hunt and play games on horses, skilled archers, used psychological warfare (mercy to those who surrendered), pretend to run away then attack again.
1347: Bubonic Plague arrives in Europe
Global Barbie/Sara/Licca: Barbie phenomenon catch on so fast through globalization that Iran and Japan make own dolls pertaining to their cultural values (make product widely appealing)
League of Nations: Precursor to the UN, aspiration of president Woodrow Wilson, but failed since the U.S. wouldn't join
Banda Islands: small, isolated Spice Islands in the Indies. Run, in particular (nutmeg) was sought after by Nathanial Courthope (England)
Swahili: east African coast trading society
Mobutu Sese Seko: example of adapting other countries' technology, like tv. in Zaire, ever day, resident first see former president
Mandarins: imperial officials who travelled throughout the land and oversaw employment of government policies and rules.
1488: Bartolomeu Dias's voyage around Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean
James Cook: discovered Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, visit Tahiti, sail through Arctic Circle
English East India Company: English joint-stock company for investors uninvolved w/ gov't
Genghis Khan: Mongol conqueror who brought all the nomadic tribes together. used aspects or loyalty, betrayal. strengthened/grew military, chose officials based on skill, increase empire w/ brutal army conquering areas
Canary Islands: popular islands for traders from Spain and Portugal, inhabited by the Guanche people
Fernando of Aragon: when ruled, finished the reconquista, extend Spanish markets and sent Christopher Columbus on a quest to find route to Asia.
Steppes (homeland of the Mongols): Wide, rolling, grassy plains that stretch from the Black Sea to northern China.

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