Earth Science Midterm 2

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When heating test tubes, always pointe the _____ end of the tube away from yourself and others: open
Where should you throw glass away?: Special container
A simple statement or question explaining the reason for the investigation.: Problem
A possible answer to the problem that can be tested.: Hypothesis
A numbered list of steps used to complete the experiment. (specific as possible): Procedure
A description of what you observed while following the procedure. (DATA TABLE): Observations
Two simple sentences:(1) Re-write you hypothesis, and (2) state if your hypothesis was proven true of false: Conclusion
An explanation of how you decided that your hypothesis was true of false. Includes mathematical calculations, graphs, and summary data tables.: Analysis
The Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is neither created nor destroyed.
What is the order of conversions?: Kilo Hecto Deca(Da) Base Deci Centi Milli
Mass is measured in ______: Grams
Volume is measured in ______: Liters
Length is measured in ______: Meters
Mass has to do with ____ which measures the amount of matter in a given space.: density
The color of a star tells you how ____ it is.: Hot (also what it is made of)
What color is cold?: Red
What color is hot?: Blue
If a star is big, it's _____: bright
If a star is small, it's ____: dim
Where a star's temperature is plotted against it's brightness.: H-R Diagram
What can you determine by an H-R diagram about a star?: It's properties and life stage.
Stars that can be seen all year: Circumpolar
Stars that are mostly seen during certain times of the year: Equitorial
The wave source is moving away: Red Shift
The wave source is moving closer: Blue Shift
How wave frequencies change from motion: Doppler Affect
What system do we use to tell the distance from a star to the Earth?: Parallax
What is the system of Parallax measured in?: Light years
What is the first step in the life cycle of a star?: Nebula
What is the second step in the life cycle of a star?: Protostar
What is the third step in the life cycle of a star?: Main Sequence
What are the two different ways a star can take after a main sequence star?: Red Giant and Red Supergiant
What comes after red giant?: White Dwarf
What comes after a white dwarf?: Black Dwarf
What comes after a red supergiant?: Supernova
What comes after a supernova?: Neutron Star
What comes after a neutron star?: Black Hole
Shape of a spiral galaxy: Pin-wheel
Elliptical Galaxy: -Typically have older stars
-Most common
-Vary in shape(sphere, elongated, flat disks)
Irregular Galaxy: Doesn't have a regular shape
What kind of galaxy are we in?: Spiral
Globular Cluster: Most common, form into sphere or round shape
Open Cluster: unorganized group of stars
How fast does light travel?: 300,000 km/s
What is the Big Bang theory?: Big explostion in space then everything appeared.
What is fusion?: When you take two atoms, smash them together really hard and come up with a new one
Name the structures of the sun from the core and on.: Core, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona.
What is happening in the core?: Energy is produced (Fusion)

15 million* K - 27 million* K
Radiation Zone: Millions of years to travel through

8 million* K
Convection Zone: Energy travels quicker

7 thousand* K
Photosphere: -Surface of the sun
-Radiation and light escapes

500 km thick/6 thousand* K
Chromosphere: Source of flares/prominences

20 thousand* C
Corona: -Crown
-Seen only during solar eclipses
-Made of ions
-Source of solar wind

2 million* C
Solar Wind: Ions are so hot, gravity can't hold them onto the sun
Sun Spots: -Cool (temp.) spot
-Caused by twisting of magnectic fields
Solar Flares: -Violent eruption, only lsts for a few minutes
-Can cause auroras
When do prominences happen?: During solar eclipses
What are prominences?: Cool sheets of gas that condense out of the corona above the active regions
How did the solar system form?: -Nebular Theory-The sun and the planets condenseed out of the same spinning nebula.
-1796 by de Laplace
What are planetesimals?: Small bodies thought to have orbited the sun during the formation of the planets
What are protoplanets?: The initial phase in the development of a planet
What is a solar nebula?: A gaseous cloud (or accretion disc) from which solar systems are formed
Formation of the Earth: -Temp. of Baby Earth was hot enough to melt iron
-Gravity pulled melted iron to core
-More dense materials ended up in the center, and less dense on the outside
Mercury: -Little to no atmosphere
-Hard, rocky, and pitted with many impact craters
-No moons
Venus: -Thick atmosphere, mainly composed of Carbon Dioxide
-Thick layers of clouds, mostly made of sulfuric acid.
-Constant lightening
-Similar to Earth
What is the Earth's atmosphere composed of?: Nitrogen(78%)
Oxygen (21%)
Trace Gases (1%)
What kind of weather and atmosphere does our moon have?: No atmosphere and no weather
Mars: -Thin atmosphere
-Dust storms black out sky
-Red rust color
-Plenty of impact craters
-Largest volcano (Olympus Mons)
-Largest canyon (Valles Marineris
What are the two moons of Mars?: Phobos and Demos
Jupiter: -Hydrogen and Helium atmosphere
-Constant storms, thick clouds
-63 known moons
Saturn: -Hydrogen and helium atmosphere
-Windy, constant storms
-Liquid surface
-32 known moons
What is Saturn's biggest moon and why is it so special?: Titan, believed to be closest to primative Earth environment
Uranus: -hydrogen and helium atmosphere
-Lack of sunlight effects weather
-Plain surface
-27 known moons
Neptune: -hydrogen and helium atmosphere
-Very active weather
-8 known moons
Great Dark Spot: Neptune, long gone
Pluto: -Biggest of the Kuiper Belt objects
-Nitrogen and Carbon Monoxide atmosphere
-Cloudy and windy
-1 known moon
-Rock and ice surface
What are the 4 Jovian (outer) planets?: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

-Gas Giants
What are the 4 Terrestrial (inner) planets?: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

-Rock Surface
How many moons do the Terrestrial planets have?: Three
What is retrograde motion?: The apparent reversal of a planets normal motion against the background of fixed stars
Asteroids: Fragments of rock that orbit the sun

-elliptical orbits
Asteroids are classified into what three categories?: 1). Carbon
2). Iron and Nickel
3). Silicate minerals
Comets: -Made of rock, ices, and tars
-Consist of nucleas, coma, and tails
-Tails points away from sun
-Elliptical orbit around the sun
The Oort Cloud: A spherical cloud of dust and ice that contain nuclei of as many as a trillian comets

-astronomers believe comets come from Oort Cloud
Meteroids: -Smaller bits of rock or metal
-Most burn up when attempting to enter the atmosphere
Meteor: A meteroid that is burning up while entering the atmosphere
Meteorite: A meteoroid or any part of one that is left after it hits the earth
What are the three groups that meteorites are classified as?: 1). Stony (rock-like)
2). Iron (metallic appearance)
3). Stony-Iron (BOTH)
How many Apollo mission went to the moon?: Six
Maria: -Dark area of the Moon, lava flows
-Always faces the Earth
Highlands: -light areas of the moon
-older than the maria
What makes up the Highlands?: Anorthosite
What makes up the Maria?: Basalt
What can be found in both the Highland and the Maria?: Breccia
What are rills?: Channels cut by molten basalt
Spring tide: The sun's and moon's gravitational force is working together
Neap tide: The sun's and moon's gravitational force oppose each other
Ebb current: As the tide goes out
Flood current: As the tide comes in
Apogee: Furthest distance from the sun during orbit (moon)
Perigee: Closest distance from the sun during orbit (moon)
The inner cone shape of the shadow is called the _____: umbra
The outer part of the shadow is called the ______: Penumbra
Time it takes for one rotation (Earth-24 hours): Day
Time it takes for the moon to go through one cycle (Earth-29.5 days): Month
How are the layers divided?: Temperature
Where is almost all atmospheric moisture found?: Troposphere
Where is the jet stream located?: Below the tropopause
Where is the ozone layer?: Statosphere
Where do most meteors burn up?: Mesosphere
What are the two sub-chategories of the thermosphere?: ionosphere and exosphere
What is the coldest layer?: Mesosphere
Climate: Long term
Weather: happening now
What are the Greenhouse gasses?: carbon dioxide, chlorofloro dioxide, methane nitrous oxide
What does the Greenhouse Effect do?: Traps the sun's heat (carbon dioxide)
What is the importance of the ozone?: It protects the Earth's inhabitants by absorbing harmful UV rays from the sun
Coriolis Effect: Causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to be deflected to the right and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
Which global wind are we in?: Westerlies
Cloud Formation: 1). Warm, moist air rises
2). Rising air expands and cools to its dew point
3). Water vapor condenses on condensation nuclei to form liquid cloud droplets
Convective cooling: -Hot air from surface cools as it rises
-Adiabatice temperature changes
Forceful lifting: -When air mass meets a mountain
-Air is forced upwards
-Cools
Advective cooling: -Warm, moist air travels over a cold body of water
Cold front: -Cumulus clouds
-Heavy precipitation
Warm front: -Stratus clouds
-Light precipitation
Occluded: -Cold catches up with warm
-Heavy precipitation
-Cumulus clouds
Stationary: -Don't move
-Precipitation
-Weak winds
Isobar: Measures barometric pressure

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