Histology: Blood, Muscle, Nervous Tissue
Terms
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- Sensory Nerve Fibers that receive and transmit information from the environment to the CNS.
- Afferent Nerve Fibers
- Motor Nerve Fibers that transmit information generated in the CNS to the periphery.
- Efferent Nerve Fibers
- A Neuron is composed of ______
- Dendrite, Cell body, and one axon
- Where are cell bodies found?
- Brain, Spinal cord, and Ganglion of PNS
- The CNS is composed of ____?
- Brain and Spinal Cord
- The PNS is composed of ____ and ___.
- Nerves and Ganglion
- The 2 types of PNS nerves are____.
- (31) Spinal nerves and (12) Cranial Nerves
- What are the 2 types of Spinal motor nerves?
- Somatic and Autonomic
- The brain and spinal cord develope from the ____
- neural tube
- Neural crest cells develope into _____
- Sensory nerve fibers, sensory neurons (dorsal root ganglia), autonomic ganglia, and schwann cells
- What substances are transported anterograde?
- Mitochondria, Neurotransmitters, structural proteins
- What substances are transported retrograde?
- degraded molecules andproteins, subunits of microtubules, building blocks of neurofilaments, some viruses
- The MAP associated with anterograde is _________ , and retrograde is _______.
- Kinesin, Dynein
- Axon terminal ends dilate to form ____.
- terminal boutons
- Axons can branch off to form ____.
- collateral branches
- Major organelles of the dendrites.
-
Microtubules, neurofilaments, microfilaments, mitochondria;
Proximal may contain nissl bodies and parts of the Golgi - Major organelles of the soma.
- Nucleus, Golgi, nissl substance, cytoskeleton, mitochondria
- Major organelles of the axon
- cytoskeleton (microtubules and neurofilaments), mitochondria, SER, transport vessicles
- Major organelles of the axon terminal
- synaptic vesicles, mitochondria, neurotransmitters
- nissl bodies are composed of ______ and _____, and are stained with ____ dye.
- RER and ribosomes; basic
- The preferred dendrite site for some synaptic contacts.
- Dendrite Spine
- dendrite tree
- The total array of dendrites
- Kinesis transports toward the ______ or _______ end, and is known as _______.
- axon; plus end; anterograde
- Dynein transports toward the ______ or ______ end, and is known as _______.
- soma; minus end; retrograde
- The 3 speeds of axonal transport are _____ for _______, ______ for _______, and _______ for _______.
-
slow, soluable proteins such as cytoskeletal proteins and enzymes
intermediate for mitochondria
fast; vesicles of NT precursors and membrane comppnents - The ______ ending of axons contain _______, membrane packets of NT molecules.
- presynaptic; synaptic vesicles
- The action potential is generated at the ______.
- axon hillock initial segment, spike trigger zone
- A _____ neuron has one dendrite.
- bipolar
- A _____ neuron has no dendrite.
- Pseudounipolar
- A _____ neuron has more than one dendrite.
- Multipolar
- The specialized functions of bipolar neurons are ______, ______, and ________.
-
smell in the olfactory mucousa;
light and color in the retina;
sound asociated with cranial nerve 8 in the ear - The darkest neuroglial cell is the _______.
- oligodendrocytes
- The _____ produces myelin in the _______, while the PNS myelin is produced by the _______.
- oligodendrocytes; CNS; schwann cells
- The largest neuroglial cells are ______, which are found in the _______.
- Astrocytes; CNS
- A unique protein to the astrocyteis the _____.
- Glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP)
- Astrocytes bind neurons to _____ and ______.
- capillaries and pia matter
- Astrocytes in grey matter are known as _______ and, while those in white matter are known as _____.
- protoplasmic astrocytes; fibrous astrocytes
- Protoplasmic astrocytes have ______.
- short branched processes
- Fibrouis astrocytes have ______.
- Few long processes
- The function of astrocytes is to ________, through their _______.
- transfer molecules and ions from the blood to the neuron; end feet
- When the CNS is damaged, _____ proliferate to form scar tissue.
- astrocytes
- Astrocytes form ____ between each other.
- Gap junctions
- Ependymal cells are low ____ epithelial cells lining the ______ and the ________.
- columnar; ventricles of the brain ; central canal of the spinal cord
- _____ cells facilitate movement of the CSF.
- ependymal
- One oligodendrocyte can wrap _____ axons.
- several
- Microglial cells originate from _______.
- bone marrow
- ______ nueroglial cells function as phagocytes clearing debris and damaged structures in CNS.
- microglial cells
- Microglial have a _____ nucleus, compared to the ______ nucleus of other glial cells.
- elongated; spherical
- In nervous tissue _____ cells, when activated become antigen- presenting cells.
- Microglial
- In MS, _____ cells phagocytose and degrade _____ by receptor mediated phagocytosis and lysomal activity.
- microglial; myelin
- The _____ is the layer of astrocyte end feet that protect the brain.
- glia limitants
- The only neuroglial cell that resides in the PNS
- schwann cells
- In a mylenated fiber, the innermost and outermost lips are known as the ____.
- inner and outer mesaxon
- Each schwann cell can only myelinate _____ internode of a single axon.
- one
- Each schwann cell can envelope ______ unmylinated axons.
- several
- _____ is known as the AP jumping from node to node.
- saltatory conduction
- Flattened out schwann cells that surround neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
- satellite cells
- The myelin between 2 nodes
- internode
- Major dense lines are formed from the _______ leaflet.
- inner
- intraperiod lines are formed from the _____.
- outer leaflet
- Impulse propagation is _____ and requires ______ energy than saltatory conduction.
- slower; more
- The external fibrous CT of nerves which also fills the the spaces between bundles of fibers.
- epineureum
- Bundles of nerve fibers are surrounded by ______
- perineurium
- Perineurium cell layers are joined at their edges by ______.
- tight junction
- The thin layer of reticular fibers produced by the schwann cells.
- endoneurium
- Sensory ganglia receive _____ impulses and relay information to the _____ matter of the _____ via synapses with local neurons.
- afferent; gray; spinal cord
- _____ is formed from cytoplasm that is not displaced during myelin formation.
- schmidt langerman cleft
- The two types of sensory ganglia
- spinal and cranial
- ______ ganglia have large neuronal cell bodies with prominent fine nissl bodies surrounded by abundant satellite cells.
- spinal
- _____ gangli appear as bulbous dilations in autonomic nerves.
- autonomic
- The neurons of sensory ganglia are ______.
- pseudounipolar
- Autonomic ganglia usually have ______ neurons.
- multipolar
- Sensory ganglia of the spinal nerves are called _____.
- dorsal root ganglia
- Sensory ganglia house cell bodies of _____ neurons, while autonomic ganglia house cell bodies of _______ nerves.
- sensory; postganglionic
- In the ANS the first neuron is contained in the ______ and its fibers are known as ______.
- CNS preganglionic
- The second neuron in the ANS is contained in the ______ with fibers known as _______.
- autonomic ganglion; postganglionic
- The somatic nervous system has _____ neurons involved, while the ANS has ____.
- 1; 2
- The Sympathetic nervous system ______ respiration, BP, HR, and blood flow to the skeletal muscles, _____ the pupils and _____ visceral function.
- increases; dilates; slows down
- The parasympathetic nervous system ______ respiration, BP, HR, and blood flow to the skeletal muscles, _____ the pupils and _____ visceral function.
- decreases; constricts; increases
- The chemical mediator present in the synaptic vesicles of all preganglionic endings and at anatomically parasympathetic post ganglionic endings.
- acetylcholine
- The only organ that receives preganglionic fibers is the _____ , which releases ________.
- Adrenal medulla; norepinephrine and epinephrine
- The sympathetic nervous system is also called the _____, because its nuclei are located ______.
- thoracolumbar division; T1 to L3
- The preganglionic fibers of the thoracolumbar division leave the CNS through the ______ roots and the white communicating rami of the ______.
- ventral; thoracic and lumbar nerves
- The chemical mediator of the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system is ______.
- norepinephrin
- Nerve fibers that release Ach are known as _____, while fibers that release norepinephrine are _____.
- cholinergic; adreneric
- Sweat glands and blood vessels of the skeletal muscle are innervated by ______ fibers.
- adregenic
- Parasympathetic system nuclei are located in the ______, ______, and _____.
- medulla; midbrain; sacral spinal cord
- Preganglionic fibers of the Parasympathetic system leave through the ______.
-
cranial nerves III,VII,IX and X
and the 2nd,3rd, and 4th sacral spinal nerves. - The parasympathetic system is also called the _______.
- cranialsacral division
- In the brain the ____ matter forms the cortex and the _____ matter forms the medulla.
- gray; white
- The gray matter of the cerebral cortex has ____ layers.
- 6
- The outer layer of the cerebellar cortex that has a sparseness of nuceli and dendrites
- Molecular layer
- The central layer cells of the cerebellar cortex with conspicous cell bodies and highly developed dendrites.
- purkinje cells
- The inner layer cells of the cerebellar cortex with very small neurons and is compactly disposed.
- granule layer
- In the spinal cord ____ matter is peripheral and _____ matter is central.
- White; gray
- _____ is remanants of the lumen of the embryonic neural tube.
- central canal
- The gray matter in the legs of the spinal cord H form the anterior horns and contain _____ neurons whose axons make up the ____ roots.
- motor; ventral
- The gray matter in the arms of the spinal cord H form the posterior horns which receive _____ fibers from the ____ ganglia.
- sensory; spinal
- ____ neurons convey impulses from receptors to the CNS, _____ neurons convey impulses from the CNS or from ganglia to effector cells, and _____ neurons form an integrating network between them both.
- sensory; motor; interneurons
- The most abundant neuron is _____ and it is ____ polar
- interneuron; multi
- The outer most CT that is continuous with the peristoneum of the skull.
- dura mater
- The delicate CT loosely joined to the dura matter
- arachnoid matter
- The arachnoid matter has _____ that extend to the pia mater.
- arachnoid trabeculae
- The space bridged by the arachnoid trabeculae is the ______ space, which contains ____.
- subarachnoid; CSF and large blood vessels
- The ____ mater lies on the brain and spinal cord and is continuous with the perivascular CT of the blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord.
- pia
- Both surfaces of the arachnoid, the inner surface of the pia mater, and the trabeculae are covered with a thin ______ epthelial layer.
- squamous
- The dura mater is seperated from the arachnoid by the thin _____.
- subdural space
- The BBB is contributed by the ______ cells of the capillaries through ______ junction which are also continuous with the end feet of ________.
- endothelial; tight; astrocytes
- _____ can easily enter the BBB, while _____ passes through active transport
-
oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and small lipid soulable material;
glucose, AA, certain vitamins - Within the ventricles of the brain, the ____ composed of folds of _____ mater produce CSF.
- choroid process; pia
- CSF fills the ____, ____, and _______.
- ventricles, central canal, subarachnoid space
- CSF is important for _____ and _____.
- metabolism of the CNS; mechanical shock
- Decreased absorption of CSF back to the venous system leads to _____
- hydrocephalus
- In muscle tissue, the cell is known as a ______, the cytoplasm as _______, cell membrane as ______, the SER as _______, and occasionally mitochondria as _______.
- Muscle fiber; sarcoplasm; sarcolemma; sarcoplasmic reticulum; sarcosomes
- All three muscle types are derived from the ______, except for the smooth muscle of the eyeball which is derived from the ______.
- Mesoderm; ectoderm
- The functions of skeletal muscle are ______,______, and ________.
- Movement of bones; posture; heat production
- Skeletal muscle is known as a _____, because it is multinucleated.
- Syncytium
- Skeletal muscle cells are formed from the fusion of precursor cells known as ______.
- Myoblasts
- Each skeletal muscle cell is _______ and the strength of each fiber is directly dependent on its _______.
- Cylindrical; diameter
- In adult muscle the precursor cell that can form new muscle when tissue is damaged.
- Satellite cells
- Red: type I skeletal muscles are naturally red colored, are ____ twitch but repetitive, _____ fatigued, _____ in diameter, ______ in myoglobin, _____ in density for mitochondria, and perform _______ for energy.
- Slow; not easily; smallest; rich; largest; oxidative phosphorylation
- ______ skeletal muscles are naturally pale colored, are ____ twitch, _____ fatigued, _____ in diameter, ______ in myoglobin, _____ in density for mitochondria, and perform _______ for energy.
- White: type IIB; fast; easily; largest; poor; smallest; glycolysis
- Skeletal muscle is responsible for _____ movement, and is innervated by _____ neurons.
- Voluntary; somatic motor
- Fibers that share qualities between the 2 extremes of red and white fibers.
- Intermediate: Type IIA
- Red fibers generate _____ muscle tension than white fibers.
- less
- Red: Type I fibers make up _____ motor units, which are typically found in the ______ and the ______.
- Slow twitch; limbs; long muscles of the back.
- White: Type ___ fibers make up _____ motor units, which are the principle fibers in the ______ and the ______.
- IIA; fast-twitch; extraocular muscles; muscles of the digits
- _____ is the sheath of dense CT that surrounds the entire muscle, and has ____ and _____ penetrate through it.
- Epimysium; major vascular; nerve supplies
- _____ is the sheath of CT that surrounds the entire fasicle, and has ____ and _____ travel through it.
- Perimysium; blood vessels; nerves
- _____ is the delicate sheath of CT that surrounds the entire muscle, and has ____ and _____ present, running parallel with the muscle fibers.
- Endomysium; small diameter capillaries; the finest neuronal branches
- A muscle is made of bundles of _______
- Fascicle
- A fasciculus is made of _______
- Muscle fibers
- A muscle fiber contains ______, which are composed of bundles of myofilaments, that are repeating assemblies of thick and thin filaments
- Myofibril
- Thin and thick filaments are ________.
- Myofilaments
- The functional unit of each myofibril, composed of accessory proteins, myosin, and actin.
- sarcomere
- Under a light microscope, the light bands are _____, and have a thin visible center called the _______,while the dark bands are _____.
- I bands; z line; A bands
- The H band only contains ______, while the I band only contains _____.
- Myosin; actin filaments
- The center of the sarcomere.
- M line
- During shortening of the sarcomere, the _____ and _____ shorten, while the ____ stays constant.
- I band; H band; A band
- Thin filaments are _____, polymer formed from _____ actin molecules.
- F- actin; G- Actin
- Thick filaments are ______ molecules that aggregate in parallel but ______ array, with heads pointing _____ from the center of the sarcomere at a ____ angle.
- Myosin II; staggered; away; 60 degrees
- The ____ end of the thin filament is attached to the Z disk.
- Plus
- Each G- actin site has a binding site for _____.
- Myosin
- _____ blocks the active site on actin.
- Tropomyosin
- _____ and ____ mask the myosin binding sites on actin molecules.
- Troponin and tropomyosin
- _____ consists of a double helix of 2 polypeptides to form filaments that run in the groove of the F filament.
- Tropomyosin
- One troponin complex contains 3 globular subunits with _____ binding to _____ anchoring the troponin complex, _____ binding to ____ in the initiation of contraction, and _____ that usually inhibits the actin myosin interaction.
- TnT; tropomyosin; TnC; calcium ions; TnI
- Calcium binds on ____ causing its configuration to change, causing _____ to move away from the actin- myosin binding sites.
- Troponin; tropomyosin
- The myosin II molecule is composed of 2 ___ chains and 2 pairs of ___ chains.
- heavy; light
- The myosin head has 2 binding sites, binding ___ and _____, as well as _____ activity.
- Actin; ATP; ATPase
- When myosin binds to the actin filament, ______ is released and the head bends toward the ___.
- ADP and P; H zone
- When the myosin head bends toward the H zone, ___ binds to the ____, releasing the myosin head from the actin.
- ATP; ATPase
- ____ is split, in order for myosin to resume its original position.
- ATP
- As long as there is ____ and ____ present, the sarcomere will continue to shorten, but if no ____ is present, the binding will not release, which is the basis for ______.
- Calcium ions; ATP; ATP; Rigor Mortis
- Myosin can be cut into a heavy and light _____ with ______.
- Meromyosin; trypsin
- The _____ can be cut with ____ to form the S1 and ___ pieces.
- Heavy meromyosin; papain; S2
- Thin filaments are helped to be anchored and bundled into parallel arrays with ____ at the z disc.
- Alpha actinin
- ______ constitutes the M line where _____ is held.
- Myomesin; myosin
- ____, a very elastic, spring like protein that connects the thick filament to the z disc
- titin
- An elongated non elastic protein that connects to the z disc and the tip of the thin filament.
- nebulin
- A myosin binding protein that serves the same function as myomesin.
- C protein
- Actin capping protein.
- tropomodulin
- One thick filament is surrounded by ___ thin filaments.
- 6
- _____ is an invagination of the plasma membrane extend deep into the interior of the fiber and facilitate the conduction of waves of depolarization along the sarcolemma.
- t- tubules
- The rapid delivery and removal of calcium is done by the _____ and _____ derived from the plasma membrane.
- sarcoplasmic reticulum; T system
- Under a LM a myofibril is recognized by its _____ outer covering.
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- At the junction of A and I bands the sarcoplasmic reticulum form ______.
- terminal cisterna
- The complex of T- tubule and 2 _____ form the ____.
- terminal ciserna; triad
- In the triad, the ____ release and reaccumulate calcium, while the _____ provides for their excitation.
- terminal cisterna; t- tubule
- As Calcium interacts with troponin, _____ simultaneously returns calcium into the ____.
- calcium ion activated ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum; terminal cisterna
- The muscle- nerve junction is known as the _____ or ____.
- myoneural junction; motor end plate
- _______ are folds of muscle cells in the synaptic cleft.
- secondary synaptic cleft
- Individual muscle fibers do not show _____ contraction, but rather have a _____ response.
- graded; all or none
- Growth of skeletal muscle is increase in the ____ of a fiber, known as _____.
- volume; hypertrophy
- Skeletal muscle can be regenerated as long as the ____ and ____ are intact.
- external lamina; satellite cells
- ___ is a toxin produced by clostridium botulinum that interferes with the release of ____ and leads to _____
- botulism; ACH; paralysis
- _____ is an autoimmune disease characterized by muscle weakness, where autoantibodies attach to ____ receptors.
- Myasthenia gravis; ACH
- _____ is the receptor in the stretch reflex.
- Muscle spindle
- The 4 major components of blood are ____,____,____, and _____.
- RBC; WBC; platelets; plasma`
- ____ are cell fragments, important for blood clotting.
- platelets
- The prteinacious solution that imparts blood its fluid property.
- plasma
- The clear yellow fluid that remains after blood coagulates.
- serum
- Formed elements in plasma are ____ and ___.
- erythrocytes; leukocytes
- When centrifugation and anticoagulants are added to blood the supernatant is the _____, and under it are the _____, ______, and _______.
- plasma; platelets; WBC; RBC
- A ___ is an estimation of total RBC levels, which should read _______.
- hematocrit; 35-45%
- After centrifugation and anticoagulation of a blood sample, the ____ is the upper part of packed cells that is about ___ % of the entire sample, and contains the ____ and ____.
- buffy coat; 1%; leukocytes; platelets
- RBCs in circulation is regulated to meet ____, and is adjusted by the main hormone ____ that is secreted by the ______.
- oxygen carrying needs; erythropoeitin; kidneys and liver in fetus
- RBC is in a ____ shape to maximize their ___ and to ____.
- biconcave; SA/V ratio; fit through small capillaries
- ____ is fragile different sized blood cells.
- anisocytosis
- During formation RBC lose their ______ and only keep their ____.
- nucleus and organelles; cytoskeleton
- RBC get energy through _____, using glucose in the _____.
- glycolisis; plasma
- The enzyme that allows RBC to carry carbon dioxide.
- carbonic anhydrase
- RBC cell membranes eventually rupture or they are ______ in the ________.
- phagocytosed; spleen, liver or bone marrow.
- Immature erythrocytes that have a slight basophilia.
- reticulocytes
- Hb results in RBC's ____ staining property
- acidophilic
- Blood smears use _____ stains under the LM.
- Wrights
- Eosin is ____ dye that appears _____, while methylene blue is a _____ dye.
- acidic; red; basic
- The peripheral proteins in which ____ is predominant form a cytoskeleton lattice on the ____ surface of the RBC cell membrane.
- spectrin; interior
- The lattice in RBC is anchored to the cell membrane by _____ to Band 3 and short actin pieces to ___ and ____.
- ankyrin; band 4; glycophorin
- Defective ankyrin or spectrin cause problems with _____.
- biconcave shape
- ____ is an integral protein that transports carbon dioxide from inside to outside of the cell.
- Band 3
- Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs in _____ newborns delivered by _____ mothers.
- Rh D +; Rh D -
- Administration of _____ will prevent Rh incompatibility reactions in future pregnancies.
- anti- D antibodies (RhoGAM)
- The A,B and O locus are on chromosome ___
- 9 at a single locus
- Hereditary spherocytosis is a ____ disorder, which is characterized by defective ____ or _____ .
- somatic dominant; ankryin; spectrin
- Symptoms of Heriditary spherocytosis include
- increased anemia and billirubin
- ____ is the movement of leukocytes across the endothelial lining of blood vessels to interstitial fluid.
- diapedesis
- The granulocyte cells are ______, which are acidophilic, _____ which are basophilic, and _____ which are azurophilic.
- eosiophils; basophils; neutrophils
- The agranulocytes are ____ and _____.
- lymphocytes; monocytes
- Neutrophils have nuceli that are _____.
- polymorphonuclear, having severl lobes linked with chromatin
- ____ are the bodies first line of defense for infections and the major component of pus.
- neutrophils
- The primary granules of neutrophils are _____ and also contain the unique enzyme ____.
- nonspecific lysosomes; myoleperoxidases (MPO)
- The secondary granules of neutrophils are ____ and contain ______.
- specific granules; antimicrobe agents (lysozyme, lactoferrin)
- Tertiary granules of neutrophils contain _____, ___, and _____ which facilitates migration by ____.
- cathepsins; glycoproteins; gelatinase; breaking fibers of CT
- In neutrophils ____ granules are the first attackers of microbes, while ____ granules fuse with phagosome microbes if they are still alive.
- secondary granules; azurophilic granules
- ____ are seen in female neutrophils.
- Drum stick chromosome (Barr body)
- ____ are a younger form of neutrophil which are distinguished by their ____.
- Band form; non segmented U shaped nucleus
- WBC that have a bilobed nucleus _____, and function in respone to ____ and _____.
- eosinophils; allergic reactions; parasitic infections
- The specific granules of eosinophils are in the ______ which is very basic, and the _____, which contain histaminase, asylsulfatases, RNAase, and cathepsin.
- Internum; Externum
- The ____ with its _____ in eosinophils accounts for its major basic protein which is ____.
- Internum; cytoxin
- The externum of _____ contain histaminase asylsufatase, RNAase and Cathepsin.
- eosinophils
- ____ down regulate the release of eosinophils from the bone marrow.
- corticosteroids
- _____ specific granulocytes stain metachromatically with basic dye because of _____.
- basophils; heparin sulfate
- Basophils compared to other granulocytes have ____ and ___ granules.
- fewer; irregular shaped
- Basophils contain ____ and _____ that cause ______, and also are capable of generating leukotrienes.
- heparin sulfate; histamine; vasodilation
- ____ supplement mast cells in ______.
- basophils; immediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis)
- Depending on different markers on cell membranes, lymphocytes can be divided into _____ and _____, and into _____ which dont have markers at all.
- B cell; T Cell; Natural Killer
- T- cells can differentiate into ____, ____, and ______.
- helper T cells; cytoxic T cells; Suppressor T cells
- B cells are involved in ____ immunity while T cells are involved in _____ immunity.
- humoral; cell mediated
- Lymphocytes do not become _____, but rather are ____ stimulated to enlarge and differentiate into ____ and ___ cells.
- phagocytotic; Antigen; effector; memory
- IgE are present on ______ WBCs.
- Basophil membranes
- ____are the only leukocytes that return from the tissue to the blood during diapedesis.
- lymphocytes
- _____ have a spherical nucleus with ____ cytoplasm.
- small lymphocytes; scanty
- _____ have an eccentrical nucleus that is oval, horeshoe, or kidney shaped.
- monocytes
- _____ are precursors in the blood to macrophages.
- monocytes
- Monocytes have a ____ color in smears because of its ______ granules.
- bluish- grey; azuophilic