Anatomy Test: Bones
Terms
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How many curvatures in the vertebral column are there?
- 4
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
- 5
- Cartilaginous Joints use _________ or fibrocartilage
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Hyaline
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Define abduction
- Moving a part away from the midline
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Define adduction
-
Moving a part towards the midline
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Define Circumduction
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Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path
- Define Compact bone.
- Dense; forms concentric circles.
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Define depression
-
lowering a part
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Define Dorsiflexion
-
bending the foot at the ankle toward the skin
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Define elevation
-
raising a part
- Define Eversion
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Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally
- Define Extention
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straightening parts at a join so that the angle increases
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Define Flexion
- Bending parts at a joint so that the angle decreases
- Define Hyperextension
-
excess extension of the parts at a joint
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Define inversion
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Turning the foot so the sole faces medially
- Define Plantar Flexion
- Bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole
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Define Pronation
- Turning the hand so the palm is downward
- Define Protraction
-
moving a part forward
- Define Retraction
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moving a part backwards
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Define Rotation
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moving a part around an axis
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Define Spongy bone.
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Spread out; no concentric circles.
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Define supination
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Turning the hand so the palm is upward
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Dense _________ holds fibrous joints together
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connective tissue
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Each coxa is made up of how many parts?
- 3
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Gomphosis is a ________ joint
- immovable
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Gomphosis is formed by the union of a cone shaped ______ in a ___________
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bony process.............. bony socket
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How are bones classified?
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According to shape.
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How are metatarsals numbered?
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1-5 starting with the medial side
- How are the metacarpals numbered?
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1-5 starting from the thumb
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How many bones does the human skull consist of?
- 22
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How many carpals are in the hand?
- 8
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How many cervical vertebrae are there?
- 7
- How many Cranial bones are in the human skull?
- 8
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How many immovable bones are in the human skull?
- 13
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how many phalanges are in each finger? and how many specifically in the thumb?
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3; 2
- How many phalanges are in each toe? how many in the big toe?
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3; 2
- How many phalanges are in the hand all together?
- 14
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How many ribs are false?
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5 pairs
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How many ribs are floating?
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Last 2-3 pairs, they do not connect to the sternum at all
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How many ribs are in the thoracic cage?
- 24
- How many tarsal bones are there?
- 7
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
- 12
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How many vertebrae are there all together?
- 24
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How much movement is permitted in Syndesmosis joints?
- slight
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In compact bone what clusters around central canals?
- Osteocytes and intercellular material.
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In compact bone, what do central canals contain?
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Blood vessels and canals.
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in fibrous joints, the tissue contains many what?
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collagenous fibers
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In spongy bone, do Osteocytes and intercellular material form concentric circles?
- No.
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In Spongy bone, what are Osteocytes housed in?
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Trabeculae.
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in Synchondorsis joins, bands of _____________ unite the bones
- hyaline cartilage
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Joints are functionally classified according to what?
-
degree of movement possible at the bony junctions
- joints are structurally classified according to what?
- the tissue that binds the bone together
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Sutures are only between what?
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flat bones of teh skull
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Sutures are _________ joints
- immovable
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Symphysis joints are articular surfaces that are covered by a ______________ of ____________ which is attached to a pad of ___________.
- thin layer.......... hyaline cartilage.......... springy fibrocartilage
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Syndesmosis bones are bound by long fibers of what?
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Connective tissue
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The atlas and axis are what type of vertebrae?
- Cervical
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The fibula is not part of the knee join and does not what?
- Bare any of the body weight
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The largest tarsal (calcaneus) forms what?
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the heel
- The rounded distal ends of the metacarpals forms what?
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The knuckles
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The scapula's posterior surface is divided into what?
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unequal portions by a spine
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What 3 parts does the sternum develop into?
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- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid Process
- What 3 parts make up a coxa
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- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
- What 3 things does the pelvic girdle protect?
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- Urinary bladder
- distal end of the large intestine
- internal reproductive organs
- What 3 things make the female pelvis different from the male pelvis?
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- Iliac bones are more flattened, providing broader hips
- greater angle of pubic arch making the pelvis wider
- lighter bones
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What are examples of a short bone?
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Carpals, tarsals.
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What are examples of irregular bones?
- vertebra, facial bones.
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What are factors affecting growth?
- Vitamins D, A, and C, Growth Hormone, and Physical stress.
- What are Sinuses?
- filled cavities lined with a mucous membrane
- What are the 2 types of Cartilaginous Joints?
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- Synchondorsis
- Symphysis
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What are the 3 classifications of bone?
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- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
- Sesamoid or round bones
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What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?
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- immovable
- slightly movable
- free
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what are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
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- fibrous
- collagenous
- synovial
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What are the 3 types of bone cells?
- Osteocyte, Osteoclast, and Osteoblast.
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What are the 3 types of Fibrous joints?
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- Syndesmosis
- Suture
- Gomphosis
- What are the 4 functions of bone?
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- Support and Protection
- Body Movement
- Blood cell formation in bone marrow
- Inorganic salt formation
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What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
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- ball and socket
- condyloid joint
- gliding joint
- hinge joint
- pivot joint
- saddle joint
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What are the 7 parts of a long bone?
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- Epiphysis
- Articular cartilage
- Diaphysis
- Periosteum
- Medullary cavity
- Endosteum
- Bone Marrow
- What are the chambers called where Osteocytes are located?
- Lacunae.
- What are the Clavicals a part of?
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The pectoral girdle
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What are the two types of bone marrow?
- Yellow and red marrow.
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What are the two types of bone?
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Compact and Spongy
- What are the two types of joint classification?
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structural and functional
- What are the two types of Ossification?
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Intramembranous and Endochondral.
- What are Vitamins A and C required for?
- normal bone growth
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What bone has a wrench like opening (trochlear notch) that articulates with the trochlear of the humerus?
- Ulna
- What bone holds the sholder in place and provides attachment for muscles?
- Clavicle
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What bone is located in a tendon that passes anteriorly over the knee?
- Patella
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What cavities can the Primary curvatures of the vertebral column be found in?
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Thoracic and pelvic
- What cavities can the Secondary curvatures of the vertebral column be found in?
- Cervical and Lumbar
- What do Osteoblasts turn into?
- Osteocytes
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What do Osteocytes do?
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Transport nutrients and waste.
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What do synovial joints consist of?
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articular cartilage, joint capsule, and synovial membrane
- What do the coxae make up?
- the pelvic girdle
- What does a lack of growth hormone lead to?
- Dwarfism.
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What does a lack of vitamin D lead to?
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Deformed bones.
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What does a lack of vitamins A and C lead to?
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Thin and fragile bones.
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What does an excess of growth hormone lead to?
- Gigantism.
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What does articulate mean?
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Form a joint with.
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What does endochondral ossification develop from?
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Masses of cartilage that are later replaced with bone... Ex: most bones.
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What does intramembranous ossification develop from?
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layers of connective tissue... Ex: flat bone; skull.
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What does red marrow do?
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forms red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
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What does the Cranium do?
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encloses and protects the brain
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What does the female pelvis serve as?
- birth canal
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What does the Humerus have to provide attachment for muscles?
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3 tubercles
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What does the pelvic girdle do?
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Supports the trunk of the body
- What does the pubis of the pelvic girdle come together to form?
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The pubis symphysis
- What does the talus articulate with?
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The tibia and the fibula
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What does the vertebral column form?
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the vertical axis of the skeleton
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What does yellow marrow do?
- Store fat.
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What forms the framework of the hand?
- Metacarpals
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What forms the instep?
- Metatarsals
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What happens when muscles pull on bones?
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Growth is caused. More stress = thicker bones.
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What is a Condyle?
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the rounded process that articulates with another bone.
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What is a Crest?
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The narrow ridge like projection of a bone.
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What is a false rib?
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a rib that does not reach the sternum directly
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What is a Foramen?
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the opening through a bone.
- What is a Fossa?
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the deep pit or depression of a bone.
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What is a Head?
- The enlargement on the end of a bone.
- What is a long bone?
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A bone with a long longitudinal axis and expanded ends.
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What is a mass of tarsals called?
- Tarsus
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What is a Meatus?
- The tube like passage way of a bone.
- What is a Process?
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The prominent projection on a bone.
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What is a sesamoid bone?
- a bone that is small and embedded in a tendon
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What is a short bone?
- A bone that is cube like with lengths and widths roughly equal.
- What is a Suture?
- The interlocking line between bones
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What is a Trochanter?
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The relatively large process of a bone.
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What is a true rib?
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A rib that joins the sternum directly by costal cartilage
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What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
- Patella.
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What is an irregular bone?
- A bone with an odd shape usually connected to other bones.
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What is an Osteoblast?
- Cell that builds or deposits bone.
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What is an Osteoclast?
- Cell that breaks down bone.
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What is an Osteocyte?
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a bone cell
- What is are examples of long bones?
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Femur, humerus.
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What is Articular Cartilage?
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The surface of the Epiphysis where it articulates.
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What is Bone Marrow?
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The soft connective tissue that fills the medullary cavity.
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What is growth responsible for?
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Lengthening the bone.
- What is the circular unit formed by Osteocytes and intercellular material and in what type of bone is this made?
- Osteon, Compact.
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What is the cu shaped region of the pelvic girdle called?
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Acetebulum
- What is the Diaphysis?
- The shaft of the bone.
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What is the Endosteum?
- the thin membrane containing bone forming cells and lines the medullary cavity.
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What is the Epiphysis?
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The expanded portion on either end that articulates another bone.
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What is the function of the Facial portion of the human skull?
- forms the basic shape of the face
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What is the function of the vertebral column?
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support the head and trunk and protect the spinal cord
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What is the funtion of the Sinuses?
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- Reduce the weight of the skull
- Increase voice intensity
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What is the larger of the 2 leg bones?
- Tibia
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What is the largest type of vertebrae?
- Lumbar
- What is the long bone that extends from the scapula to the elbow?
- Humerus
- What is the long slender bone in the leg?
- Fibula
- What is the longest bone in the body?
- Femur
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What is the mass of carpals called?
- Carpus
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What is the Medullary Cavity?
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A rigid tube with a hollow chamber inside the diaphysis.
- What is the most commonly used system of joint classification?
- Structural
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What is the Periosteum?
- the vascular fibrous covering of tissue that covers the entire bone except where there is articular cartilage.
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What is the process of forming bone called?
- Ossification.
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What is the slender rod like bone that is S shaped?
- Clavicle
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What is the triangular bone in the upper back?
- Scapula
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What is the vertebral column composed of?
-
vertebrae separated by masses of fibrocartilage
- What is vitamin D necessary for?
- Proper absorption of calcium.
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What part of the coxa forms the lower portion and is L shaped?
- Ischium
- What part of the coxa is largest and most superior?
- ilium
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What part of the coxa is the anterior portion?
- Pubis
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What provides attachment for the lower limbs?
- The pelvic girdle
- What ribs are true?
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1st 7 pairs
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What specific vertebra supports the head and is the first?
- Atlas
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What type of movement do Synovial joints have?
- free
- What type of movement is bending parts at a joint so that the angle decreases?
- Flexion
- What type of movement is bending the foot at the ankle toward the skin?
- Dorsiflexion
- What type of movement is Bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole?
-
Plantar Flexion
- What type of movement is excess extension of the parts at a joint?
- Hyperextension
-
What type of movement is lowering a part?
- depression
-
What type of movement is Moving a part away from the midline?
- abduction
- what type of movement is moving a part backwards?
- retraction
- What type of movement is Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path?
- Circumduction
-
What type of movement is Moving a part towards the midline?
- Adduction
-
what type of movement is raising a part?
- elevation
- What type of movement is straightening parts at a join so that the angle increases?
- Extension
-
What type of movement is Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally?
- Eversion
- What type of movement is Turning the foot so the sole faces medially?
- Inversion
- What type of movement is Turning the hand so the palm is downward?
- Pronation
- What type of movement is Turning the hand so the palm is upward?
- Supination
- What type of vertebrae are smallest and closest to the skull?
- Cervical
- What type of vertebrae has long pointed spinous processes
- Thoracic
- What type of vertebrae has transvere processes that project posteriorly at a sharp angle?
- Lumbar
- What type of vertebrae has transverse foramina?
- Cervical
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What vertebra comes second?
- Axis
- What vertebrae has large strong bodies?
- Lumbar
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When does the skeleton system begin to form?
- The first few weeks of development.
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Where does growth take place?
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The epiphyseal plate.
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Where is the epiphyseal plate and subsequently where growth taks place?
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between the diaphysis and epiphysis
- Where is the Radius located?
- on the thumside of the forearm
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Which is longer, the Ulna or the Radius?
- Ulna
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Which type of vertebrae has a forked spinous process?
- Cervical