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Anatomy Test: Bones

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How many curvatures in the vertebral column are there?

 

4

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

 

5
Cartilaginous Joints use _________ or fibrocartilage
Hyaline
Define abduction
Moving a part away from the midline
Define adduction
Moving a part towards the midline
Define Circumduction
Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path
Define Compact bone. 
Dense; forms concentric circles.
Define depression
lowering a part
Define Dorsiflexion
bending the foot at the ankle toward the skin
Define elevation
raising a part
Define Eversion
Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally
Define Extention
straightening parts at a join so that the angle increases
Define Flexion
Bending parts at a joint so that the angle decreases
Define Hyperextension
excess extension of the parts at a joint
Define inversion
Turning the foot so the sole faces medially
Define Plantar Flexion
Bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole
Define Pronation
Turning the hand so the palm is downward
Define Protraction
moving a part forward
Define Retraction
moving a part backwards
Define Rotation
moving a part around an axis
Define Spongy bone.
Spread out; no concentric circles.
Define supination
Turning the hand so the palm is upward
Dense _________ holds fibrous joints together
connective tissue
Each coxa is made up of how many parts?
3
Gomphosis is a ________ joint
immovable
Gomphosis is formed by the union of a cone shaped ______ in a ___________
bony process.............. bony socket
How are bones classified? 
According to shape.
How are metatarsals numbered?
1-5 starting with the medial side
How are the metacarpals numbered?
1-5 starting from the thumb
How many bones does the human skull consist of?
22
How many carpals are in the hand?
8
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many Cranial bones are in the human skull?
8
How many immovable bones are in the human skull?
13
how many phalanges are in each finger? and how many specifically in the thumb?
3; 2
How many phalanges are in each toe? how many in the big toe?
3; 2
How many phalanges are in the hand all together?
14
How many ribs are false?
5 pairs
How many ribs are floating?
Last 2-3 pairs, they do not connect to the sternum at all
How many ribs are in the thoracic cage?
24
How many tarsal bones are there?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many vertebrae are there all together?
24
How much movement is permitted in Syndesmosis joints?
slight
In compact bone what clusters around central canals?
Osteocytes and intercellular material.
In compact bone, what do central canals contain?
Blood vessels and canals.
in fibrous joints, the tissue contains many what?
collagenous fibers
In spongy bone, do Osteocytes and intercellular material form concentric circles?
No.
In Spongy bone, what are Osteocytes housed in?
Trabeculae.
in Synchondorsis joins, bands of _____________ unite the bones
hyaline cartilage
Joints are functionally classified according to what?
degree of movement possible at the bony junctions
joints are structurally classified according to what?
the tissue that binds the bone together
Sutures are only between what?
flat bones of teh skull
Sutures are _________ joints
immovable
Symphysis joints are articular surfaces that are covered by a ______________ of ____________ which is attached to a pad of ___________.
thin layer.......... hyaline cartilage.......... springy fibrocartilage
Syndesmosis bones are bound by long fibers of what?
Connective tissue
The atlas and axis are what type of vertebrae?
Cervical
The fibula is not part of the knee join and does not what?
Bare any of the body weight
The largest tarsal (calcaneus) forms what?
the heel
The rounded distal ends of the metacarpals forms what? 
The knuckles
The scapula's posterior surface is divided into what?
unequal portions by a spine
What 3 parts does the sternum develop into?
  1. Manubrium
  2. Body
  3. Xiphoid Process
What 3 parts make up a coxa
  1. ilium
  2. ischium
  3. pubis
What 3 things does the pelvic girdle protect?
  1. Urinary bladder
  2. distal end of the large intestine
  3. internal reproductive organs
What 3 things make the female pelvis different from the male pelvis?
  1. Iliac bones are more flattened, providing broader hips
  2. greater angle of pubic arch making the pelvis wider
  3. lighter bones
What are examples of a short bone?
Carpals, tarsals.
What are examples of irregular bones?
vertebra, facial bones. 
What are factors affecting growth?
Vitamins D, A, and C, Growth Hormone, and Physical stress.
What are Sinuses?
filled cavities lined with a mucous membrane
What are the 2 types of Cartilaginous Joints?
  1. Synchondorsis
  2. Symphysis
What are the 3 classifications of bone? 
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
  5. Sesamoid or round bones
What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?
  1. immovable
  2. slightly movable
  3. free
what are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
  1. fibrous 
  2. collagenous
  3. synovial
What are the 3 types of bone cells?
Osteocyte, Osteoclast, and Osteoblast.
What are the 3 types of Fibrous joints?
  1. Syndesmosis
  2. Suture
  3. Gomphosis
What are the 4 functions of bone? 
  1. Support and Protection
  2. Body Movement
  3. Blood cell formation in bone marrow
  4. Inorganic salt formation
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
  1. ball and socket
  2. condyloid joint
  3. gliding joint
  4. hinge joint
  5. pivot joint
  6. saddle joint
What are the 7 parts of a long bone?
  1. Epiphysis
  2. Articular cartilage
  3. Diaphysis
  4. Periosteum
  5. Medullary cavity
  6. Endosteum
  7. Bone Marrow
What are the chambers called where Osteocytes are located?
Lacunae.
What are the Clavicals a part of?
The pectoral girdle
What are the two types of bone marrow?
Yellow and red marrow.
What are the two types of bone?
 
Compact and Spongy
What are the two types of joint classification?
structural and functional
What are the two types of Ossification?
Intramembranous and Endochondral.
What are Vitamins A and C required for? 
normal bone growth
What bone has a wrench like opening (trochlear notch) that articulates with the trochlear of the humerus?
Ulna
What bone holds the sholder in place and provides attachment for muscles? 
Clavicle
What bone is located in a tendon that passes anteriorly over the knee?
Patella
What cavities can the Primary curvatures of the vertebral column be found in?
Thoracic and pelvic
What cavities can the Secondary curvatures of the vertebral column be found in?
Cervical and Lumbar
What do Osteoblasts turn into?
Osteocytes
What do Osteocytes do?
Transport nutrients and waste.
What do synovial joints consist of?
articular cartilage, joint capsule, and synovial membrane
What do the coxae make up?
the pelvic girdle
What does a lack of growth hormone lead to? 
Dwarfism.
What does a lack of vitamin D lead to?
Deformed bones.
What does a lack of vitamins A and C lead to?
Thin and fragile bones.
What does an excess of growth hormone lead to?
Gigantism.
What does articulate mean?
Form a joint with.
What does endochondral ossification develop from?
Masses of cartilage that are later replaced with bone... Ex: most bones.
What does intramembranous ossification develop from?
layers of connective tissue... Ex: flat bone; skull.
What does red marrow do?
forms red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
What does the Cranium do?
encloses and protects the brain
What does the female pelvis serve as?
birth canal
What does the Humerus have to provide attachment for muscles?
3 tubercles
What does the pelvic girdle do?

 Supports the trunk of the body

What does the pubis of the pelvic girdle come together to form?
The pubis symphysis
What does the talus articulate with?
The tibia and the fibula
What does the vertebral column form?
the vertical axis of the skeleton
What does yellow marrow do?
Store fat.
What forms the framework of the hand?
Metacarpals
What forms the instep?
Metatarsals
What happens when muscles pull on bones?
Growth is caused. More stress = thicker bones.
What is a Condyle?
the rounded process that articulates with another bone.
What is a Crest?
The narrow ridge like projection of a bone.
What is a false rib?
a rib that does not reach the sternum directly
What is a Foramen?
the opening through a bone.
What is a Fossa?
the deep pit or depression of a bone.
What is a Head?
The enlargement on the end of a bone.
What is a long bone? 
A bone with a long longitudinal axis and expanded ends.
What is a mass of tarsals called?
Tarsus
What is a Meatus?
The tube like passage way of a bone.
What is a Process?
The prominent projection on a bone.
What is a sesamoid bone? 
a bone that is small and embedded in a tendon
What is a short bone?
A bone that is cube like with lengths and widths roughly equal.
What is a Suture?
The interlocking line between bones
What is a Trochanter?
The relatively large process of a bone.
What is a true rib?
A rib that joins the sternum directly by costal cartilage
What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
Patella.
What is an irregular bone?
A bone with an odd shape usually connected to other bones.  
What is an Osteoblast?
Cell that builds or deposits bone. 
What is an Osteoclast?
Cell that breaks down bone. 
What is an Osteocyte?
a bone cell
What is are examples of long bones?
Femur, humerus.
What is Articular Cartilage? 
The surface of the Epiphysis where it articulates.
What is Bone Marrow?
The soft connective tissue that fills the medullary cavity.
What is growth responsible for?
Lengthening the bone.
What is the circular unit formed by Osteocytes and intercellular material and in what type of bone is this made?
Osteon,        Compact.
What is the cu shaped region of the pelvic girdle called?
Acetebulum
What is the Diaphysis? 
The shaft of the bone.
What is the Endosteum?
the thin membrane containing bone forming cells and lines the medullary cavity.
What is the Epiphysis?
The expanded portion on either end that articulates another bone.
What is the function of the Facial portion of the human skull?
forms the basic shape of the face
What is the function of the vertebral column?
support the head and trunk and protect the spinal cord
What is the funtion of the Sinuses?
  • Reduce the weight of the skull
  • Increase voice intensity
What is the larger of the 2 leg bones?
Tibia
What is the largest type of vertebrae?
Lumbar
What is the long bone that extends from the scapula to the elbow?
Humerus
What is the long slender bone in the leg?
Fibula
What is the longest bone in the body?
Femur
What is the mass of carpals called?
Carpus
What is the Medullary Cavity?
A rigid tube with a hollow chamber inside the diaphysis.
What is the most commonly used system of joint classification?
Structural
What is the Periosteum?
the vascular fibrous covering of tissue that covers the entire bone except where there is articular cartilage.
What is the process of forming bone called?
Ossification.
What is the slender rod like bone that is S shaped?
Clavicle
What is the triangular bone in the upper back?
Scapula
What is the vertebral column composed of?
vertebrae separated by masses of fibrocartilage
What is vitamin D necessary for?
Proper absorption of calcium.
What part of the coxa forms the lower portion and is L shaped?
Ischium
What part of the coxa is largest and most superior?
ilium
What part of the coxa is the anterior portion?
Pubis
What provides attachment for the lower limbs?
The pelvic girdle
What ribs are true?
1st 7 pairs
What specific vertebra supports the head and is the first?
Atlas
What type of movement do Synovial joints have?
free
What type of movement is bending parts at a joint so that the angle decreases?
Flexion
What type of movement is bending the foot at the ankle toward the skin?
Dorsiflexion
What type of movement is Bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole?
Plantar Flexion
What type of movement is excess extension of the parts at a joint?
Hyperextension
What type of movement is lowering a part?
depression
What type of movement is Moving a part away from the midline?
abduction
what type of movement is moving a part backwards?
retraction
What type of movement is Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path?
Circumduction
What type of movement is Moving a part towards the midline?
Adduction
what type of movement is raising a part?
elevation
What type of movement is straightening parts at a join so that the angle increases?
Extension
What type of movement is Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally?
Eversion
What type of movement is Turning the foot so the sole faces medially?
Inversion
What type of movement is Turning the hand so the palm is downward?
Pronation
What type of movement is Turning the hand so the palm is upward?
Supination
What type of vertebrae are smallest and closest to the skull?
Cervical
What type of vertebrae has long pointed spinous processes 
Thoracic
What type of vertebrae has transvere processes that project posteriorly at a sharp angle? 
Lumbar
What type of vertebrae has transverse foramina?
Cervical
What vertebra comes second?
Axis
What vertebrae has large strong bodies?
Lumbar
When does the skeleton system begin to form?
The first few weeks of development.
Where does growth take place?
The epiphyseal plate.
Where is the epiphyseal plate and subsequently where growth taks place?
between the diaphysis and epiphysis
Where is the Radius located?
on the thumside of the forearm 
Which is longer, the Ulna or the Radius?
Ulna
Which type of vertebrae has a forked spinous process?
Cervical

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