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Med Term Ch 4

Terms

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abduction
movement away from the body
adduction
movement toward the body
amputation
partial or complete removal of a limb
anatomic or anatomical position
term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions, or directions; the person is assumed to be standing upright, facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the
ankyl/o
crooked or stiff
ankylosis
stiff joint condition
anterior (A) / ventral
front of the body
anterior-posterior (AP)
from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
appendicular skeleton
bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
arthr/o, articul/o
joint
arthralgia
joint pain
arthritis
inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different typed of arthritis
arthrocentesis
puncture for aspiration of a joint
arthrodesis
binding or fusing of joint surfaces
arthrogram
a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium
arthroplasty
repair or reconstruction of a joint
arthroscopy
procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
articular cartilage
a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate
articulation
a joint; the point where two bones come together
atrophy
shrinking of muscle size
axial skeleton
bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone (U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue)
axis
the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
body planes
reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
bone
specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton
bone grafting
transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
bone marrow
soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
bone scan
a nuclear scan (radionuclide image) of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc
bony necrosis / sequestrum
bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture
brachi/o
arm
bunion
swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
bursa
a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
bursectomy
excision of a bursa
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
cardiac muscle
muscle of the heart
casting
use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobolize it during healing
cervic/o
neck
chondr/o
cartilage
chondromalacia
softening of cartilage
closed fracture
broken bone with no open wound
closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain positionl often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
comminuted fracture
broken in many small pieces
compact bone
tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones
complex fracture
displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
computed tomography (CT) / computed axial tomography (CAT)
a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image
coronal plane / frontal plane
vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
cost/o
rib
crani/o
skull
crepitation / crepitus
grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones
dactyl/o
digit (finger or toe)
decubitus
lying down, especially in a bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
disk or disc
a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction
distal
away from the beginning or origin of a structure; ex. the distal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee
dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward
electromyogram (EMG)
a neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeltal disorders (eg. muscular dystrophy); usually performed by a neurologist
endosteum
membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
epiphysis
wide ends of a long bone (physis= growth)
epiphysitis
inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
erect
normal standing position
eversion
turning outward ie. of a foot
exostosis
a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
extension
straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
fasci/o
fascia (a band)
fascia
a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
femor/o
femur
fibr/o
fiber
flaccid
flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
flat bones
bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
flexion
bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
fracture (Fx)
broken or cracked bone
fracture line
the line of the break in a broken bone (ex. oblique, spiral, or transverse)
goniometer
instrument used to measure joint angles
gouty arthritis
acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially the great toe), caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood)
greenstick fracture
bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
herniated disk
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
hypertrophy
increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle
hypotonia
reduced muscle tone or tension
inferior / caudal
situated below another structure, away from the head
insertion of a muscle
muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
inversion
turning inward ie. of a foot
irregular bones
bones of the vertebrae and face
kyph/o
humped-back
kyphosis
abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition)
lateral
toward the side
lei/o
smooth
leiomyoma
smooth muscle tumor
leiomyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle tumor
ligament
a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
long bones
bones of the arms and legs
lord/o
bent
lordosis
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)
lumb/o
loin (lower back)
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a nonionizing (no x-ray) imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders
medial
toward the middle (midline)
medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow
metaphysis
growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone
muscle
tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
muscular dystrophy
a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; duchenne type is most common
my/o, myos/o, muscul/o
muscle
myalgia / myodynia
muscle pain
myel/o
bone marrow or spinal cord
myeloma
bone marrow tumor
myoma
muscle tumor
myoplasty
repair of muscle
myositis
inflammation of muscle
nuclear medicine imaging / radionuclide organ imaging
an ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes
nucleus pulposus
the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk
open fracture
compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture
internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws and pins
origin of a muscle
muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
orthosis
use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support (eg. back, knee, or wrist brace)
oste/o
bone
ostealgia / osteodynia
bone pain
osteoarthritis / degenerative arthritis / degenerative joint disease (DJD)
most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints (eg. knee or hip), characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
osteoma
bone tumor
osteomalacia
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
osteomyelitis
infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation
osteoplasty
repair of bone
osteoporosis
condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily
osteosarcoma
type of malignant bone tumor
osteotomy
an incision into bone
patell/o
knee cap
pelv/i
pelvis (basin) or hip bone
periosteum
a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
physical therapy (PT)
treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities (methods), such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound
plantar flexion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
posterior (P) / dorsay
back of the body
posterior-anteriour (PA)
from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
pronation
turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward
prone
lying face down and flat
prosthesis
an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint
proximal
toward the beginning or origin of a structure; ex. the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip
radi/o
radius
radiography
an imaging modality using x-rays (ionizing radiation); commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints
range of motion (ROM)
total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (ie. ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees
recumbent
lying down
red bone marrow
functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults
rhabd/o
rod-shaped or striated (skeletal)
rhabdomyoma
skeletal muscle tumor
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant skeletal muscle tumor
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity
rickets
osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity
rigor / rigidity
stiffness; stiff muscle
rotation
circular movement around an axis
sagittal plane
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
sarc/o
flesh
scoli/o
twisted
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve)
sesamoid bones
round bones found near joints (eg. the patella)
short bones
bones of the wrists and ankles
simple fracture
nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (ex. hairline fracture, stress fracture, or a crak)
smooth muscle
involuntary muscle found in internal organs
spondylosyndesis
spinal fusion
sonography
ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention, such as that performed during arthroscopy
spasm
drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
spastic
uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm)
spinal curvatures
curvatures of the spine (backbone) or spinal column (vertebral column)
splinting
use of a rigid device to immobolize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury
spondyl/o, vertebr/o
vertebra
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
spondylosis
stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration
spongy bone / cancellous bone
mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity
sprain
injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
striated muscle / skeletal muscle
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
subluxation
partial dislocation
superior / cephalic
situated above another structure, toward the head
supination
turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward
supine
horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back
synovial fluid
joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
synovial membrane
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon (to stretch)
tendinitis or tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon
tendon
a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
tenotomy
division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
tetany
tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
thorac/o
chest
ton/o
tone or tension
traction (Tx)
application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing
transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
tremor
shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
uln/o
ulna
yellow bone marrow
gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells
arthroscope
an endoscope for examining the interior of a joint and for carrying out diagnostic and therapeutic procedures within the joint

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