Med Term Ch 4
Terms
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- abduction
- movement away from the body
- adduction
- movement toward the body
- amputation
- partial or complete removal of a limb
- anatomic or anatomical position
- term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions, or directions; the person is assumed to be standing upright, facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the
- ankyl/o
- crooked or stiff
- ankylosis
- stiff joint condition
- anterior (A) / ventral
- front of the body
- anterior-posterior (AP)
- from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
- appendicular skeleton
- bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
- arthr/o, articul/o
- joint
- arthralgia
- joint pain
- arthritis
- inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different typed of arthritis
- arthrocentesis
- puncture for aspiration of a joint
- arthrodesis
- binding or fusing of joint surfaces
- arthrogram
- a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium
- arthroplasty
- repair or reconstruction of a joint
- arthroscopy
- procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
- articular cartilage
- a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate
- articulation
- a joint; the point where two bones come together
- atrophy
- shrinking of muscle size
- axial skeleton
- bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone (U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue)
- axis
- the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
- body planes
- reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
- bone
- specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton
- bone grafting
- transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
- bone marrow
- soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
- bone scan
- a nuclear scan (radionuclide image) of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc
- bony necrosis / sequestrum
- bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture
- brachi/o
- arm
- bunion
- swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
- bursa
- a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
- bursectomy
- excision of a bursa
- bursitis
- inflammation of a bursa
- cardiac muscle
- muscle of the heart
- casting
- use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobolize it during healing
- cervic/o
- neck
- chondr/o
- cartilage
- chondromalacia
- softening of cartilage
- closed fracture
- broken bone with no open wound
- closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
- external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
- closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture
- external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain positionl often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
- comminuted fracture
- broken in many small pieces
- compact bone
- tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones
- complex fracture
- displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
- computed tomography (CT) / computed axial tomography (CAT)
- a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image
- coronal plane / frontal plane
- vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
- cost/o
- rib
- crani/o
- skull
- crepitation / crepitus
- grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones
- dactyl/o
- digit (finger or toe)
- decubitus
- lying down, especially in a bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side
- diaphysis
- shaft of a long bone
- disk or disc
- a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction
- distal
- away from the beginning or origin of a structure; ex. the distal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee
- dorsiflexion
- bending of the foot or the toes upward
- electromyogram (EMG)
- a neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeltal disorders (eg. muscular dystrophy); usually performed by a neurologist
- endosteum
- membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
- epiphysis
- wide ends of a long bone (physis= growth)
- epiphysitis
- inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
- erect
- normal standing position
- eversion
- turning outward ie. of a foot
- exostosis
- a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
- extension
- straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
- fasci/o
- fascia (a band)
- fascia
- a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
- femor/o
- femur
- fibr/o
- fiber
- flaccid
- flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
- flat bones
- bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
- flexion
- bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
- fracture (Fx)
- broken or cracked bone
- fracture line
- the line of the break in a broken bone (ex. oblique, spiral, or transverse)
- goniometer
- instrument used to measure joint angles
- gouty arthritis
- acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially the great toe), caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood)
- greenstick fracture
- bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
- herniated disk
- protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
- hypertrophy
- increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle
- hypotonia
- reduced muscle tone or tension
- inferior / caudal
- situated below another structure, away from the head
- insertion of a muscle
- muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
- inversion
- turning inward ie. of a foot
- irregular bones
- bones of the vertebrae and face
- kyph/o
- humped-back
- kyphosis
- abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition)
- lateral
- toward the side
- lei/o
- smooth
- leiomyoma
- smooth muscle tumor
- leiomyosarcoma
- malignant smooth muscle tumor
- ligament
- a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
- long bones
- bones of the arms and legs
- lord/o
- bent
- lordosis
- abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)
- lumb/o
- loin (lower back)
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- a nonionizing (no x-ray) imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders
- medial
- toward the middle (midline)
- medullary cavity
- cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow
- metaphysis
- growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone
- muscle
- tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
- muscular dystrophy
- a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; duchenne type is most common
- my/o, myos/o, muscul/o
- muscle
- myalgia / myodynia
- muscle pain
- myel/o
- bone marrow or spinal cord
- myeloma
- bone marrow tumor
- myoma
- muscle tumor
- myoplasty
- repair of muscle
- myositis
- inflammation of muscle
- nuclear medicine imaging / radionuclide organ imaging
- an ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes
- nucleus pulposus
- the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk
- open fracture
- compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
- open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture
- internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws and pins
- origin of a muscle
- muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
- orthosis
- use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support (eg. back, knee, or wrist brace)
- oste/o
- bone
- ostealgia / osteodynia
- bone pain
- osteoarthritis / degenerative arthritis / degenerative joint disease (DJD)
- most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints (eg. knee or hip), characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
- osteoma
- bone tumor
- osteomalacia
- disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
- osteomyelitis
- infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation
- osteoplasty
- repair of bone
- osteoporosis
- condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily
- osteosarcoma
- type of malignant bone tumor
- osteotomy
- an incision into bone
- patell/o
- knee cap
- pelv/i
- pelvis (basin) or hip bone
- periosteum
- a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
- physical therapy (PT)
- treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities (methods), such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound
- plantar flexion
- bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
- posterior (P) / dorsay
- back of the body
- posterior-anteriour (PA)
- from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
- pronation
- turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward
- prone
- lying face down and flat
- prosthesis
- an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint
- proximal
- toward the beginning or origin of a structure; ex. the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip
- radi/o
- radius
- radiography
- an imaging modality using x-rays (ionizing radiation); commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints
- range of motion (ROM)
- total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (ie. ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees
- recumbent
- lying down
- red bone marrow
- functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults
- rhabd/o
- rod-shaped or striated (skeletal)
- rhabdomyoma
- skeletal muscle tumor
- rhabdomyosarcoma
- malignant skeletal muscle tumor
- rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity
- rickets
- osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity
- rigor / rigidity
- stiffness; stiff muscle
- rotation
- circular movement around an axis
- sagittal plane
- vertical division of the body into right and left portions
- sarc/o
- flesh
- scoli/o
- twisted
- scoliosis
- abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve)
- sesamoid bones
- round bones found near joints (eg. the patella)
- short bones
- bones of the wrists and ankles
- simple fracture
- nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (ex. hairline fracture, stress fracture, or a crak)
- smooth muscle
- involuntary muscle found in internal organs
- spondylosyndesis
- spinal fusion
- sonography
- ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention, such as that performed during arthroscopy
- spasm
- drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
- spastic
- uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm)
- spinal curvatures
- curvatures of the spine (backbone) or spinal column (vertebral column)
- splinting
- use of a rigid device to immobolize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury
- spondyl/o, vertebr/o
- vertebra
- spondylolisthesis
- forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
- spondylosis
- stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration
- spongy bone / cancellous bone
- mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity
- sprain
- injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
- stern/o
- sternum (breastbone)
- striated muscle / skeletal muscle
- voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
- subluxation
- partial dislocation
- superior / cephalic
- situated above another structure, toward the head
- supination
- turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward
- supine
- horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back
- synovial fluid
- joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
- synovial membrane
- membrane lining the capsule of a joint
- ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
- tendon (to stretch)
- tendinitis or tendonitis
- inflammation of a tendon
- tendon
- a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
- tenotomy
- division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
- tetany
- tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
- thorac/o
- chest
- ton/o
- tone or tension
- traction (Tx)
- application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing
- transverse plane
- horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
- tremor
- shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
- uln/o
- ulna
- yellow bone marrow
- gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells
- arthroscope
- an endoscope for examining the interior of a joint and for carrying out diagnostic and therapeutic procedures within the joint