Med-Term Chapters 4, 5
Terms
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- ankyl/o
- stiff joint
- arthro/o
- joint
- articul/o
- joint
- burs/o
- sac
- carp/o
- wrist
- cervic/o
- neck
- chondr/o
- cartilage
- clavicul/o
- clavicle,collarbone
- coccyg/o
- coccyx, tailbone
- cost/o
- rib
- crani/o
- skull, head
- femor/o
- femur, thigh bone
- fibul/o
- fibula, smaller outer bone of lower leg
- humer/o
- humerus, upper arm bone
- ili/o
- illium, part of hipbone
- ishi/o
- ischium, part of hipbone
- kyph/o
- hump
- lamin/o
- lamina, part of vertebra
- lord/o
- swayback, curve
- lumb/o
- loin, lower back
- mandibul/o
- mandible, jawbone
- maxill/o
- maxilla, upper jawbone
- metacarp/o
- metacarpals, hand bones
- metatars/o
- metatarsals, foot bones
- myel/o
- bone marrow
- orth/o
- straight
- oste/o
- bone
- patell/o
- patella, knee cap
- ped/o
- foot
- pelv/o
- pelvis
- phalang/o
- phalanges, bones of fingers and toes
- pub/o
- pubis, part of hip bone
- radi/o
- radius, lower arm bone
- sacr/o
- sacrum
- scapul/o
- scapula, shoulder bone
- scoli/o
- crooked, bent
- spondyl/o
- vertebrae, backbone
- stern/o
- sternum, breastbone
- synovi/o
- synovial membrane
- tars/o
- ankle
- thorac/o
- chest
- tibi/o
- tibia, inner bone of lower leg
- uln/o
- ulna, lower arm bone
- vertebr/o
- vertebra, backbone
- -blast
- immature, embryonic (osteoblast)
- -clasia
- to surgically break (osteoclasia)
- -desis
- stabilize, fuse (arthrodesis)
- -listhesis
- slipping (spondylolisthesis)
- -malacia
- softening (osteomalacia)
- -porosis
- porous (osteoporosis)
- -scopy
- procedure to visually examine (arthroscopy)
- -tome
- instrument to cut (osteotome)
- What serves as the body's frame, protects vital organs, and stores minerals?
- bones
- Where is the site of blood cell production?
- bone marrow
- What is the place where two bones meet?
- joint
- What are bones also called?
- osseus tissue
- What is the process of bone formation, that begins before birth?
- ossification
- What is the fetal skeleton formed from?
- cartilage model
- What is the flexible tissue of the cartilage model gradually replaced by?
- osteoblasts (immature bone cells)
- What do osteoblasts mature into?
- osteocytes
- How many bones are in the human body?
- 206
- What are the two divisions of the human skeleton?
- axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton
- What general areas are included in the axial skeleton?
- head, neck, spine, chest, trunk
- The head or skull is divided into what two parts?
- cranium, facial bonesf
- What does the cranium cover?
- brain
- What do the facial bones cover?
- mouth, nose, and eyes
- What cranial bone is located at the forehead?
- frontal bone
- What bone located at the upper sides of the cranium and at the roof of the skull?
- parietal bone
- What bone is at the back and base of the skull?
- occipital
- What bone is at the sides and base of the cranium?
- temporal bone
- What is the bat-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the skull, floor, and the sides of the eye orbit?
- sphenoid bone
- What bone forms part of the eye orbit, nose, and floor of cranium?
- ethmoid bone
- What facial bone is located at the inner corner of each eye?
- lacrimal
- What facial bone forms part of the nasal septum and the support bridge of the nose?
- nasal bone
- What facial bone is the upper jaw?
- maxilla
- What facial bone is the lower jawbone, which is also the only movable bone of the skull?
- mandible
- What facial bone is the cheekbone?
- zygomatic bone
- What facial bone forms the base of the nasal septum?
- vomer bone
- What facial bone is the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose?
- palatine bone
- What single bone is U-shaped and suspended between the mandible and larynx?
- hyoid bone (point of attachment for swallowing and speech muscles)
- What does the trunk of the body consist of?
- vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage.
- What are the five sections of the vertebral column?
- cervical vertebra, thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebra, sacrum, coccyx
- What are the neck vertebrae called, and how many are in that region?
- cervical, 7
- What are the chest vertebrae called, and how many are in that region?
- thoracic, 12
- What are the low back vertebrae called, and how many are in that region?
- lumbar 5
- What vertebrae become fused into one triangular-shaped flat bone at the base of the vertebral column?
- sacrum
- What are the five very small vertebrae attached to the sacrum?
- coccyx
- How many pairs of ribs are attached at the back, or at the spinal column?
- 12
- What are the two pairs of ribs that are not also attached to the breastbone called?
- floating ribs
- What are the first superior, seven rib pairs called?
- true ribs
- What are the last, most inferior 3 rib pairs called?
- false ribs
- What is the most superior region of the breastbone called?
- manubrium
- What is the most inferior, pointed region of the breastbone called? (opposite of the manubrium)
- xiphoid process
- Of what general regions does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
- upper extremities, lower extremetities, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
- What are the two bones of the pectoral girdle?
- clavicle, scapula (functions to attach teh upper extremity to the axial skeleton)
- What bones make up the upper extremity?
- humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
- What is the pelvic girdle also called?
- os coxae or innominate bone (hip bone)
- What three parts make up the os coxae?
- illium, ischium, pubis
- What bones make up the lower extremities?
- femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
- What bone is also know as the collarbone?
- clavicle
- What bone is also know as the shoulder blade?
- scapula
- What is the bone of the upper arm?
- humerus
- What is the forearm bone on thumb side of the lower arm?
- radius
- What is the forearm bone on the little finger side of the lower arm?
- ulna
- What are the bones of the wrist?
- carpal
- What are the bones in the palm of the hand?
- metacarpals
- What are the finger bones?
- phalanges
- The hipbone is also know as the what?
- os coxae
- What is the upper leg bone called?
- femur
- What bone is the knee cap?
- patella
- What is the shin bone also known as?
- tibia
- What is the thinner long bone of the lower leg?
- fibula
- What are the ankle and heel bones called?
- tarsals
- What are the fore foot bones?
- metatarsals
- What are the toe bones?
- phalanges
- What are the four major categories of bone?
- long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
- What are examples of long bones?
- humerus, femur
- What are examples of short bones?
- carpals and tarsals
- What is an examples of an irregular bone?
- vertebrae
- What is an example of a flat bone?
- sternum, scapulae, pelvis
- What is the central portion of a long bone?
- diaphysis
- What are the ends of a long bone?
- epiphysis
- What is the thin connective tissue layer covering most bones?
- periosteum
- What does the periosteum contain?
- blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels
- What is the dense, hard, exterior surface of bones called?
- compact, cortical
- What name of bone is on the inside?
- cancellous, spongy
- What manufactors most blood cells, and where is it found?
- red bone marrow, spongy bone area
- What is the space in the middle, inside of the diaphysis?
- medullary cavity
- What is in the medullary cavity?
- yellow bone marrow
- What is a bony projection?
- process
- What is the large ball-shaped end of a long bone?
- head
- What refers to a smooth rounded portion at the end of a bone?
- condyle
- What refers to a projection located above or on a condyle?
- epicondyle
- What refers to the large process on teh femur for the attachment of a muscle?
- trochanter
- What refers to any rough process that provides the attachment for tendons and muscles?
- tubercle
- What refers to a hollow cavity within a bone?
- sinus
- What refers to a smooth round opening for nerves and blood vessels?
- foramen
- What refers to a shallow cavity or depression on the surface of a bone?
- fossa
- What refers to a slit type opening?
- fissure
- What is the place where two or more bones meet?
- articulation
- What are the three types of joints?
- synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous
- Which type of joint is most common?
- synovial
- What are synovial joints enclosed by?
- joint capsule
- What lubricates the joint, and what secretes this?
- synovial fluid, synovial membrane
- What are the ends of a bone in a synovial joint enclosed in?
- articular cartilage
- What type of joint is found at the shoulder and at the hip?
- ball and socket
- What strong connective tissue binds bone together at the joint?
- ligaments
- What is a sac like structure composed of connective tissue and lined with synovial membrane?
- bursa
- What are the most common bursa locations?
- elbow,knee,shoulder
- Which type of joint allows almost no movement?
- fibrous
- What in the skull is an example of a fibrous joint?
- sutures
- What type of joint allows for slight movement but holds bone firmly in place with a solid piece of cartilate?
- cartilaginous
- What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
- pubic symphysis
- What is a mass of bone tissue formed at a fracture site?
- callus
- What is the noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together?
- crepitation
- What is a bone spur known as?
- exostosis
- What is the abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine? (hunchback)
- kyphosis
- What is the abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine?(swayback)
- lordosis
- What is the branch of medicine dealing with the musculoskeleton?
- orthopedics
- What is a physician specializing in the musculoskeleton?
- orthopedist
- What is a brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities?
- orthotics
- What is a person skilled in making or fitting orthotics?
- orthotist
- Who is specialized in treating disorders of the feet?
- podiatrist
- What is an artificial device used to substitute a missing limb?
- prosthesis
- Who is specialized in prosthesists?
- prosthetist
- Inflammatory spinal condition resembling arthritis, results in gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae
- ankylosing spondylitis
- inflammation of the bursa of the great toe
- bunion
- pain caused by compression of the nerve as it passes between teh bones and ligaments of the wrist
- carpal tunnel syndrome
- a fracture in which there is no open skin wound (simple fracture)
- closed fracture
- a common type of wrist fracture
- colles
- fracture in which the bone is shattered splintered or crushed into many small pieces
- comminuted fracture
- occurs when the bones of a joint are displaced from normal alignment
- dislocation
- malignant growth found in shaft of long bone, spreads through periosteum
- ewing's sarcoma
- inflammation of a joint caused by excessive uric acid
- gout
- fracture with incomplete break
- greenstick fracture
- herniation or protrusion of intervertebral disc
- herniated nucleus pulposus
- fracture in which bone fragments are pushed into each other
- impacted fracture
- maligment tumor originating in bone marrow
- myeloma
- fracture at an angle to the bone
- oblique fracture
- arthritis resulting in degeneration of bones and joints
- osteoarthritis
- most common type of bone cancer, begins in osteocytes at end of long bones
- osteogenic sarcoma
- softening of bones
- osteomalacia
- decrease in bone mass, become porous
- osteoporosis
- common metabolic disease of teh bone from unknown causes, bone destruction and deformity
- paget's disease
- fracture caused by disease or weakened bone
- pathologic fracture
- chronic form of arthritis
- rheumatoid
- deficiency in calcium and vitamin D found in early childhood, causing deformities, in legs
- rickets
- abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
- scoliosis
- a congenital anomaly that occurs when a vertebra fails to fully form around the spinal cord
- spina bifida
- narrowing of the spinal canal
- spinal stenosis
- fracture line spirals around shaft, twisting injury, slower to heal
- spiral fracture
- forward sliding of lumbar vertebra over vertebra below it
- spondylolisthesis
- a degenerative condition of teh vertebral column
- spondylosis
- damage to ligaments surrounding a joint due to overstretching,
- strain
- chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue that causes injury to the joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, and nervous system.
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- congenital deformity of the foot (clubfoot)
- talipes
- complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone
- transverse bone
- injury to bones in the cervical spine as a result of sudden movement forward and backward
- whiplash
- diskectomy
- removal of a herniated intervertebral disk
- laminectomy
- removal of the vertebral posterior arch to correct severe back problems
- correcting a fracture by realigning the bone fragments
- reduction
- surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae
- spinal fusion
- medications that reduce the reabsorption of bone(osteoporosis and paget's)
- bone reabsorption inhibitors
- hormone produced by adrenal cortex, strong anti-inflammatory
- corticosteroids
- AE
- Above elbow
- AK
- ABOVE KNEE
- BDT
- bone density testing
- BE
- below elbow
- BK
- below knee
- C1, C2
- first cervical etc. etc.
- CDH
- congenital dislocation of the hip
- CTS
- carpal tunnel syndrome
- DJD
- degenerative joint disease
- FX, Fx
- fracture
- HNP
- herniated nucleus pulposus
- JRA
- juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
- LAT, lat
- lateral
- LE
- lower extremity
- LLE
- left lower extremity
- LUE
- left upper extremity
- NSAID
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- OA
- osteoarthritis
- ORIF
- open reduction, internal fixation
- orth, ortho
- orthopedics
- RA
- rheumatoid arthritis
- RLE
- right lower extremity
- RUE
- right upper extremity
- SLE
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- THA
- total hip arthroplasty
- THR
- total hip replacement
- TKA
- total knee arthroplasty
- TKR
- total knee replacement
- TMJ
- temporomandibular joint
- TX, Tx
- traction, treatment
- UE
- upper extremity
- the point at which a nerve contacts a muscle
- myoneural junction
- three types of muscle tissue
- skeletal, smooth, cardic
- layers of connective tissue wrapping muscle
- fascia
- fascia tapering at each end of a skeletal muscle
- tendon
- fasci/o
- fibrous band
- fibr/o
- fibers
- leiomy/o
- smooth muscle
- muscul/o
- muscle
- my/o
- muscle
- myocardi/o
- heart muscle
- myos/o
- muscle
- plant/o
- sole of foot
- rhabdomy/o
- skeletal muscle
- ten/o
- tendon
- tend/o
- tendon