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Medical Terminology 4

Terms

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anatomic or

anatomical position 

a term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions or directions; the person is assumed to be standing upright facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the p

anterior-posterior

(AP) 

from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

anterior

ventral 

front of the body

arthr/o

articul/o 

joint

bony necrosis

sequestrum 

bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture

 

Computed Tomography (CT)

computed axial tomography (CAT) 

a specialized procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image

coronal plane

frontal plane 

vertical division of the body into front and back

crepitation

crepitus 

grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint of broken bones

inferior

caudal 

situated below another structure, away from the head

my/o

myos/o

musculo/o 

muscle

myalgia

myodynia 

muscle pain

nuclear medicine imaging

radionuclide organ imaging 

an ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes

ostealgia

osteodynia 

bone pain

osteoarthritis

degenerative arthritis

degenerative joint disease (DJD) 

most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage

posterior-anterior

(PA) 

from back to fron, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

posterior

dorsal 

back of the body

rigor

rigidity 

stiffness, stiff muscle

spondyl/o

vertebr/o 

vertebra

striated muscle

skeletal muscle 

voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton

superior

cephalic 

situated above another structure, toward the head

ten/o

tend/o

tendin/o 

tendon (to stretch)

tendonitis

tendinitis 

inflammation of the tendon
abduction
away from the body
adduction
toward the body
amputaion
partial or complete removal of a limb (AKA- above the knee amputation, BKA- below the knee amputation)
analgesic
a drug that relieves pain
Ankly/o
crooked or stiff 
ankylosis
stiff joint condition
antiinflammatory
a drug that reduces inflammation
antipyretic
a drug that relieves fever
appendicular skeleton
bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
arthralgia
joint pain
arthritis
inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different types
arthrocentesis
puncture for aspiration of a joint
arthrodesis
binding or fusing of joint surfaces
arthrogram
a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium
arthroplasty
repair or reconstruction of a joint
arthroscopy
procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
articular cartilage
a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate
articulation  
a joint; the point where two bones come together
atrohy
shrinking of muscle cell
axial skeleton
bones of the skull, vertebral column,chest, and hyoid bone
axis
the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
body places
reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
bone
specialized CT composed of osteocyte; forms the skeleton
bone grafting
transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
bone marrow
soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
bone scan
a nuclear scan (radionuclide image) of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc
brachi/o
arm
bunion
swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
buritis
inflammation of the bursa
bursa
a fibrous sac b/w certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
bursectomy
excision of a bursa
cardian muscle
muscle of the heart
casting
use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
cervic/o
neck
chondr/o
cartilage
chondromalacia
softening of the cartilage
closed fracture
broken bone with no open wound
closed reduction, external fixation of a fraction
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with the application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignmen, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
comminuted fracture
broken in many small pieces
compact bone
tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones
complex fracture
displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
cost/o
rib
crani/o
skull
dactyl/o
digit (finger or toe)
decubitus
lying down, especially in a bed, lateral decubitus is lying on the side
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
disk (disc)
a fla, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue b/w the vertebra that reduces friction
distal
away from the beginning or origin of a structure
dorsiflexion
bedning of the foot or toes upward
electromyogram (EMG)
a neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders; performed by a neurologist
endosteum
membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
epiphysis
wide ends of a long bone
epiphysitis
inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
erect
normal standing position
eversion
turning outward (foot)
exostosis
a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
extension
straightening at the joint so that the angle b/w the bones is increased
fasci/o
fascia (a band)
fascia
a band of sheet of fibrous CT that cover, supports, and separates muscle
femor/o
femur
fibr/o
fiber
flaccid
flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
flat bones
bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
flexion
bending at the joint so that the angle b/w the bones is decreased
fracture
broken or cracked bone
fracture line
the line of the break in a broken bone (oblique, spiral, transverse)
goniometer
instrument used to measure joing angles
gouty arthritis
acute attacks of arthriti, usually in a single joint (especially great toe), caused by hyperuricemia
greenstick fracture
bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
herniated disk
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
hypertrophy
increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle
hypotonia
reduced muscle tone or tension
insertion of a muscle
muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
inversion
turning inward (foot)
irregular bones
bones of the vertebra and face
kyph/o
humped-back
kyphosis
abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (hump-backed-condition)
lateral
toward the side
lei/o
smooth
leiomyoma
smooth muscle tumor
leiomyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle tumor
ligament
a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
long bones
bones of the arms and legs
lord/o
bent
lordosis
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway back condition)
lumb/o
loin (lower back)
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structure; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders 
medial
toward the middle
medullary cavity
cavity from within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow
metaphysis
growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone
muscle
tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
muscular dystrophy
a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common
myel/o
bone
myeloma
bone marrow tumor
myoma
muscle tumor
myoplasty
repair of muscle
myositis
inflammation of the muscle
narcotic
a potent analgesic with addictive properties
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)
a group of drugs with analgesi, antiinflammatory, and antipyeretic properties; commonly used to treat arthritis
nucleus pulposus
the soft, fibrocartilaginou, centra portion of intervertebral discs
open fracture
compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture
internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment an fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins
origin of muscle
muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
orthosis
use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone' position or to provide limb support (e.g. back knee, or wrist brace)
oste/o
bone
osteoma
bone tumor
osteomalacia
disease marked by the softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
osteomyelitis
infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation
osteoplasty
repair of bone
osteoporosis
condition of decreased bone density and increased porouity causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily
osteosarcoma
type of malignant bone tumor
osteotomy
an incision into bone
patell/o
knee cap
pelv/i
pelvis (basin) or hip bone
periosteum
a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
physical therapy (PT)
treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities, such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound
plantar flexion
bedning of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
pronation
turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface downward or backward
prone
lying face down and flat
prosthesis
an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint
proximal
toward the beginning or origin of a structure
radi/o
radius
radiography
an imaging modality using x-rays; commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints
range of motion (ROM)
total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements; measured in degrees
recumbent
lying down
red bone marrow
functions to form RBC, some WBC, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones of adults
rhabd/o
rod shaped or striated (skeletal)
rhabdomyoma
skeletal muscle tumor
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant skeletal muscle tumor
rheumatoid arthritis
most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes and causing ankylosis and deformity
rickets
osteomalacia in children, causes bone deformity
rotation
circular movement around an axis
sagittal place
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
sarc/o
flesh
scoli/o
twisted
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (s-shaped curve)
sesamoid bones
round bones found near joints (patella)
short bones
bones of the wrist and ankles
simple fracture
non displaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (hairline fracture, stress fracture, or a crack)
smooth muscle
involuntary muscle found in internal organs
sonography
ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention, such as that performed during arthroscopy
spasm
drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
spastic
uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscle, causing stiff and akwward movements
spinal curvatures
curvatures of the spine and spinal column
splinting
use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
spondylosis
stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degredation
spondylosyndesis
spinal fusion
spongy bone
mes-like n=bone tissue found in the interior of bones and surrounding the medullary cavity
sprain
injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
stern/o
sternum
subluxation
partial dislocation
supination
turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface upward or forward
supine
lying flat on the back, on the spine
synovial fluid
joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
synovial membrane
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
tendon
a band of fibrous tissue that connecs muscle to bone
tenotomy
division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
tetany
tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
thorac/o
chest
ton/o
tone or tension
traction (Tx)
application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing
transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
tremor
shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
uln/o
ulna
yellow bone marrow
gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissues and is inactive in the formation of BCs

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