Medical Terminology 4
Terms
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anatomic or
anatomical position
- a term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions or directions; the person is assumed to be standing upright facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the p
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anterior-posterior
(AP)
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from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
-
anterior
ventral
-
front of the body
-
arthr/o
articul/o
- joint
-
bony necrosis
sequestrum
-
bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture
-
Computed Tomography (CT)
computed axial tomography (CAT)
-
a specialized procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image
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coronal plane
frontal plane
-
vertical division of the body into front and back
-
crepitation
crepitus
-
grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint of broken bones
-
inferior
caudal
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situated below another structure, away from the head
-
my/o
myos/o
musculo/o
- muscle
-
myalgia
myodynia
-
muscle pain
-
nuclear medicine imaging
radionuclide organ imaging
-
an ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes
-
ostealgia
osteodynia
-
bone pain
-
osteoarthritis
degenerative arthritis
degenerative joint disease (DJD)
- most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
-
posterior-anterior
(PA)
-
from back to fron, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
-
posterior
dorsal
-
back of the body
-
rigor
rigidity
- stiffness, stiff muscle
-
spondyl/o
vertebr/o
- vertebra
-
striated muscle
skeletal muscle
-
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
-
superior
cephalic
-
situated above another structure, toward the head
-
ten/o
tend/o
tendin/o
-
tendon (to stretch)
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tendonitis
tendinitis
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inflammation of the tendon
- abduction
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away from the body
- adduction
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toward the body
- amputaion
-
partial or complete removal of a limb (AKA- above the knee amputation, BKA- below the knee amputation)
- analgesic
-
a drug that relieves pain
- Ankly/o
- crooked or stiff
- ankylosis
-
stiff joint condition
- antiinflammatory
- a drug that reduces inflammation
- antipyretic
- a drug that relieves fever
- appendicular skeleton
- bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
- arthralgia
-
joint pain
- arthritis
-
inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different types
- arthrocentesis
-
puncture for aspiration of a joint
- arthrodesis
- binding or fusing of joint surfaces
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arthrogram
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a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium
- arthroplasty
-
repair or reconstruction of a joint
- arthroscopy
- procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
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articular cartilage
- a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate
- articulation
- a joint; the point where two bones come together
- atrohy
-
shrinking of muscle cell
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axial skeleton
-
bones of the skull, vertebral column,chest, and hyoid bone
- axis
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the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
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body places
-
reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
- bone
- specialized CT composed of osteocyte; forms the skeleton
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bone grafting
-
transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
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bone marrow
-
soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
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bone scan
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a nuclear scan (radionuclide image) of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc
- brachi/o
- arm
- bunion
- swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
- buritis
-
inflammation of the bursa
- bursa
- a fibrous sac b/w certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
- bursectomy
-
excision of a bursa
-
cardian muscle
-
muscle of the heart
- casting
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use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
- cervic/o
- neck
- chondr/o
- cartilage
- chondromalacia
-
softening of the cartilage
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closed fracture
-
broken bone with no open wound
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closed reduction, external fixation of a fraction
- external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with the application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
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closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture
- external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignmen, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
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comminuted fracture
-
broken in many small pieces
-
compact bone
-
tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones
-
complex fracture
-
displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
- cost/o
- rib
- crani/o
- skull
- dactyl/o
-
digit (finger or toe)
- decubitus
- lying down, especially in a bed, lateral decubitus is lying on the side
- diaphysis
-
shaft of a long bone
-
disk (disc)
- a fla, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue b/w the vertebra that reduces friction
- distal
- away from the beginning or origin of a structure
- dorsiflexion
- bedning of the foot or toes upward
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electromyogram (EMG)
- a neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders; performed by a neurologist
- endosteum
-
membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
- epiphysis
-
wide ends of a long bone
- epiphysitis
-
inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
- erect
-
normal standing position
- eversion
- turning outward (foot)
- exostosis
-
a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
- extension
- straightening at the joint so that the angle b/w the bones is increased
- fasci/o
- fascia (a band)
- fascia
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a band of sheet of fibrous CT that cover, supports, and separates muscle
- femor/o
- femur
- fibr/o
- fiber
- flaccid
- flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
-
flat bones
- bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
- flexion
-
bending at the joint so that the angle b/w the bones is decreased
- fracture
-
broken or cracked bone
-
fracture line
- the line of the break in a broken bone (oblique, spiral, transverse)
- goniometer
-
instrument used to measure joing angles
-
gouty arthritis
- acute attacks of arthriti, usually in a single joint (especially great toe), caused by hyperuricemia
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greenstick fracture
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bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
-
herniated disk
- protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
- hypertrophy
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increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle
- hypotonia
- reduced muscle tone or tension
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insertion of a muscle
-
muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
- inversion
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turning inward (foot)
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irregular bones
-
bones of the vertebra and face
- kyph/o
- humped-back
- kyphosis
- abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (hump-backed-condition)
- lateral
-
toward the side
- lei/o
- smooth
- leiomyoma
- smooth muscle tumor
- leiomyosarcoma
-
malignant smooth muscle tumor
- ligament
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a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
-
long bones
-
bones of the arms and legs
- lord/o
- bent
- lordosis
- abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway back condition)
- lumb/o
-
loin (lower back)
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- a nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structure; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders
- medial
-
toward the middle
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medullary cavity
- cavity from within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow
- metaphysis
- growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone
- muscle
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tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
- muscular dystrophy
-
a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common
- myel/o
- bone
- myeloma
-
bone marrow tumor
- myoma
-
muscle tumor
- myoplasty
-
repair of muscle
- myositis
-
inflammation of the muscle
- narcotic
-
a potent analgesic with addictive properties
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nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)
- a group of drugs with analgesi, antiinflammatory, and antipyeretic properties; commonly used to treat arthritis
- nucleus pulposus
- the soft, fibrocartilaginou, centra portion of intervertebral discs
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open fracture
- compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
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open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture
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internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment an fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins
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origin of muscle
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muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
- orthosis
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use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone' position or to provide limb support (e.g. back knee, or wrist brace)
- oste/o
- bone
- osteoma
-
bone tumor
- osteomalacia
- disease marked by the softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
- osteomyelitis
-
infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation
- osteoplasty
- repair of bone
- osteoporosis
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condition of decreased bone density and increased porouity causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily
- osteosarcoma
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type of malignant bone tumor
- osteotomy
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an incision into bone
- patell/o
-
knee cap
- pelv/i
-
pelvis (basin) or hip bone
- periosteum
-
a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
-
physical therapy (PT)
- treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities, such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound
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plantar flexion
- bedning of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
- pronation
-
turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface downward or backward
- prone
-
lying face down and flat
- prosthesis
- an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint
- proximal
-
toward the beginning or origin of a structure
- radi/o
- radius
- radiography
- an imaging modality using x-rays; commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints
-
range of motion (ROM)
- total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements; measured in degrees
- recumbent
-
lying down
-
red bone marrow
- functions to form RBC, some WBC, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones of adults
- rhabd/o
-
rod shaped or striated (skeletal)
- rhabdomyoma
-
skeletal muscle tumor
- rhabdomyosarcoma
-
malignant skeletal muscle tumor
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rheumatoid arthritis
-
most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes and causing ankylosis and deformity
- rickets
-
osteomalacia in children, causes bone deformity
- rotation
-
circular movement around an axis
- sagittal place
-
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
- sarc/o
- flesh
- scoli/o
- twisted
- scoliosis
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abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (s-shaped curve)
-
sesamoid bones
-
round bones found near joints (patella)
-
short bones
-
bones of the wrist and ankles
-
simple fracture
- non displaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (hairline fracture, stress fracture, or a crack)
-
smooth muscle
- involuntary muscle found in internal organs
- sonography
-
ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention, such as that performed during arthroscopy
- spasm
-
drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
- spastic
- uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscle, causing stiff and akwward movements
-
spinal curvatures
-
curvatures of the spine and spinal column
- splinting
-
use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury
- spondylolisthesis
-
forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
- spondylosis
- stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degredation
- spondylosyndesis
-
spinal fusion
-
spongy bone
-
mes-like n=bone tissue found in the interior of bones and surrounding the medullary cavity
- sprain
- injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
- stern/o
- sternum
- subluxation
-
partial dislocation
- supination
-
turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface upward or forward
- supine
-
lying flat on the back, on the spine
-
synovial fluid
-
joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
-
synovial membrane
- membrane lining the capsule of a joint
- tendon
-
a band of fibrous tissue that connecs muscle to bone
- tenotomy
-
division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
- tetany
- tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
- thorac/o
- chest
- ton/o
- tone or tension
- traction (Tx)
-
application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing
-
transverse plane
-
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
- tremor
-
shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
- uln/o
- ulna
-
yellow bone marrow
-
gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissues and is inactive in the formation of BCs