Exam #2, Theory I
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Macule
- small, flat, discolored spot, up to 1 cm; freckles, petechia, roseola
- Patch
- flat, discolored spot, 1 cm or more; freckles, petechia
- Papule
- elevated nevus up to 1 cm; prickly heat, psoriasis, eczema
- Plaque
- elevated superficial 1 cm or more; coalescence of papules
- Nodule
- marble-like, deep and firm, greater than 0.5 cm
- Wheal
- irregular skin edema; mosquito bite, hives
- Vesicle
- up to 1 cm, filled with serous fluid; herpes simplex
- Bulla
- 1 cm or more with serous fluid; second degree burn
- Pustule
- filled with pus; acne or impetigo
- Erosion
- loss of superficial epidermis, moist, no bleeding; after vesicle erupts, chicken pox, ulcer of venous insufficiency, syphilitic chancre
- Ulcer
- loss of epidermis and dermis, may bleed and scar; bed sores, diabetic
- Scale
- thin flake of exfoliated epidermis; psoriasis, dandruff, dry skin
- Fissure
- linear crack in skin; athlete's foot
- Nevi
- round, flat to elevated; mole
- Lichenification
- thickening and roughening of skin, increased visibility of skin furrows; atopic dermatitis
- Atrophy
- thinning of skin, shiny and transluscent; arterial insufficiency
- Excoriation
- abrasion or scratch
- Comedo
- blackhead (open or closed)
- Telangiectasis
- dilated small red or blue vessels; hereditary, spider veins
- Urticaria
- swollen, raised, extremely itchy areas of skin; allergy, hives, angioedema
- Keloid
- firm, nodular, hypertrophic mass of scar tissue; site of injury or incision
- Jaundice
- yellow staining of skin due to high levels of billirubin; gall stones, tumors, hepatitis B
- Carotenemia
- carotene in the blood characterized by yellowing of the skin; lack of yellow discoloration of the conjunctivae; high intake of carotene
- Acrocyanosis
- cyanosis of the extremities; vasomotor disturbances
- Cyanosis
- slightly bluish color of the skin; abnormal amts of reduced hgb in the blood; may not appear in pts with severe anemia because not enough reduced hgb present to cause the blue color to be visible; deficiency of oxygen or excess of carbon dioxide
- Circumoral Cyanosis
- cyanosis encircling the mouth
- Pallor
- lack of color, paleness; anemia
- Purpura
- hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs and other tissues; red to purple to brownish-yellow and disappearing in 2-3 weeks; areas of discoloration do not disappear under pressure; allergies, idiopathic thrombocytopenia
- Petechia
- small, purplish, hemorrhagic spots on the skin that appear in certain severe fevers and are indicative of great prostration, as in typhus; abnormality of blood-clotting mechanism; red spots from bite of flea
- Ecchmosis
- large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic areas; blue-black to greenish brown or yellow; bruising
- cafe-au-lait spot
- pale brown areas of increased melanin in the skin with irregular borders; appear in infancy and tend to disappear with age; neurofibromatosis
- Herald patch
- a lolitary oval patch of scaly skin that appears days before the general eruption of pityriasis rosea; may be mistaken for tinea corpis
- Target lesion
- lesion with 3 zones of color; dark center surrounded by zone of lighter color that is rimmed with thin area of erythema; usually on alms and soles; diagnotic leion of erythema
- hot tub folliculitis
- inflammation of follicle or follicles caused by staphylococci and usually affects males; permanent loss of hair in affected area
- tinea versicolor
- fungal infection of skin producing branny patches that are yellow or fawn-colored
- vitiligo
- milk-white patches, surrounded by areas of normal pigmentation; tropics and blacks; cause unknown
- alopecia
- loss of hair, especially on head; etiol: physiologic changes as a part of the aging process; effects of serious illness; drugs; endocrine disorders; certain forms of dermatitis; hereditary factors; radiation
- paronychia
- acute or chronic infection of marginal structures about the nail; trauma and infection
- onycholysis
- loosening or detachment of the nail from the nailbed
- Terry's nails
- mostly whittish with distal band of reddish brown; assoc with aging & chronic disease(cirrhosis, CHF, NIDDM)
- leukonychia
- white spots or streaks on the nails; trauma
- Mee's lines
- transverse white lines that appear above the lunula of the fingernails about 5 weeks after exposure to arsenic or acute/severe illness
- Beau's lines
- white depressed lines across the fingernails, usually a sign of systemic disease; trauma, coronary occlusion, hypercalcemia, skin disease
- clubbing
- lateral and longitudinal curvature of the nails accompanied by soft tissue enlargement, presenting a bulbous, shiny appearance; lung diseases, infective endocarditis, steatorrhea and occasionally familial
- spooning or koilonychias
- nails that are thin and concave with raised edges; assoc with iron-deficiency anemia
- Lindsay's nails
- half and half nails; proximal 1/2 white and distal darker; assoc with chronic renal failure
- Tzank test
- examination of tissue from the lower surface of a lesion in vesicular disease to determine the cell type; take fluid out of lesion; assoc with vericella, herpes zoster, pemphis vulgaris
- presbyopia
- defect of vision in advancing age involving loss of accommodation or recession of near point
- presbycusis
- impairment of hearing in old age
- scotomas
- island like blind gap in the visual field; lesion of macula, looking at sun in eclipse, absence of rods and cones, mental or physical labor, eyestrain, migraine
- hyperopia
- farsightedness
- myopia
- nearsightedness
- diplopia
- double vision; disease of eyeball, cranal nerve affections, disease of cerebellum, cerebrum and mininges
- amblyopia
- reduction or dimness of vision; paralysis of opposite side of the face; irritation of peripheral area; effects of alcohol, tobacco, lead, drugs or other toxic substances; uremic attack
- miosis
- abnormal contraction of pupil; irritation of oculomotor system or paralysis of dilators; fevers; congestion of iris in typhus, early stages of meningitis and some drug poisonings; brain lesions and sun stroke
- mydriasis
- pronounced or abnormal dilation of pupils; fright, sudden emotion, 1st & 3rd stages of anesthesia; drugs, coma, hysteria, botulism or irritation of cervical sympathetic nerve
- anisocoria
- inequality in the size of the pupils;congenital, aneurysms, head trauma, diseases of nervous system, brain lesion, paresis or locomotor ataxia
- exophthalmos
- abnormal protrusion of the eyeball; thyrotoxicosis, tumor of the orbit, orbital cellulitis, leukemia or aneurysm
- blue sclera
- abnormal degree of blueness of the sclera; osteogenesis imperfecta
- cotton-wool patches
- white or gray, ovoid lesions with irregular borders, usually smaller than the disc; the appearance of the retina from infarcted nerve fibers; hypertension
- drusen
- small, hyaline, globular pathological growths formed on optic papilla or on Descemet's membrane; yellowish round spots that vary from tiny to small, edges may be hard or soft; normal aging or macular degeneration
- Horner's syndrome
- contraction of the pupil, partial ptosis of the eyelid, enophthalmos and sometimes loss of sweating of the affected side of the face; due to paralysis of the cervical sympathetic nerve trunk
- Argyll Robertson upils
- present in paralysis and locomotor ataxia (due to syphillis); light reflex is absent but there is no change in the contraction of the pupil during accommodation
- Adie's pupils
- a syndrome characterized by tonic pupil that responds slowly or not at all to light; accompanied by slow constriction and relaxation in the change from near to distant vision and impaired accommodation; affected pupil is frequently larger that the normal pupil, deep tendon reflexes often decreased
- Reiter syndrome
- consisting of urethritis, arthritis, and conjunctivitis; occurs mainly in young men; chlamydia most frequently associated
- strabismus
- disorder of the eye in chich optic axes cannot be directed to the same object; hereditary, imbalance in ocular muscle tone; paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles
- cover-uncover test
- reveals a slight or latent muscle imbalance not otherwise seen
- nystagmus
- constant, involuntary, cyclical movement of the eyeball; movement in any direction; congenital, seen in bilateral amblyopia, miners and train dispatchers; labyrinthine irritability, neuro diseases
- retinoblastoma
- malignant glioma of the retina; occurs in young children and shows a hereditary pattern; initial diagnostic finding is usually a yellow or white light reflex seen at the pupil (cat's eye reflex)
- hemianopsia
- blindness for half the field of vision in one or both eyes;lesions of the nervous system regulating vision
- homonymous hemianopsia
- blindness of nasal half of the visual field of one eye and temporal half of the other, or right=sided or left=sided hemianopsia of corresponding sides of both eyes;
- conductive hearing loss
- hearing loss through bone; problems in the external or middle ear
- sensorineural hearing loss
- hearing loss through sensory nerve; problems in the inner ear, cochlear nerve or its central connections in the brain
- tinnitus
- ringing in ears; can accompany hearing loss and vertigo (Menier's disease; asa toxicity
- Meniere's disease
- recurrent and usually progressive group of sx including progressive deafness, ringing in ears, dizziness and sensation of fullness or pressure in the ears
- vertigo
- feeling of moving around in space; middle ear disease; toxic conditions such as those caused by ASA, alcohol or streptomycin; sunstroke, postural hypotension or toxemia due to food poisoning or infectious disease
- raccoon eyes
- periorbital ecchymosis; may be present in pts who have a basilar skull fracture
- Battle's sign
- bogginess of the temporal or postaruicular resion of the head; indicates fracture of the basilar area of the skull
- Stellwag's sign
- widening of palpebral aperature with absence or lessened frequency of winking; seen in Grave's disease
- rhinorrhea
- watery discharge from nose; viral, allergies; cerebrospinal: defect in or trauma to cribriform plate; gustatory: occurs while one is eating
- epistaxis
- bloody nose; local infections, systemic infections; dry nasal mucous membrane; trauma, arteriosclerosis, hypertension and bleeding tendencies
- goiter
- an enlargement of the thyroid gland;lack of iodine in diet, thyroiditis, inflammation from infection, tumors or hyperfunction or hypofunction of the thyroid gland
- cataracts
- opacity of lens of the eye or its capsule or both; aging process, congenital, infection, injury, exposure to radiation, adrenal cortical hormones taken for long periods, UV rad, diabetes, cigarette smoking
- macular degeneration
- degeneration of the macular area of the retina of the eye; cause unknown
- glaucoma
- group of eye diseases characterized by increase in intraocular pressure, which results in atrophy of the optic nerve and may result in blindness; cup-to-disc ratio is hich; cup > 50% of disc is suspicious; 70% strongly suggests; etiol: failure of removal of aqueous humor from the eye at a rate to keep up with its production in the anterior chamber or if this is normal cause is unknown
- narrow angle glaucoma
- caused by a shallow anterior chamber and thus a narrow filtration angle through which the aqueous humor normally passes; medical emergency: sudden onset of pain in eye, pupil unreactive and mid dilated size
- open angle glaucoma
- any form of glaucoma in which the filtration angle is normal; non-acute & most common ; effects peripheral vision first
- hirsutism
- excessive growth of hair or the presence of hair in unusual places, esp in women; abnormalities of androgen production or metabolism
- blepharitis
- ulcerative or nonulcerative inflammation of the edges of the eyelids involving hair follicles and glands that open onto the surfaces; ulcerative: staph infection; nonulcerative: unknown or allergy
- ptosis
- dropping or drooping of an organ or part, as the upper eyelid from paralysis
- ectropion
- eversion of an edge or margin of an eyelid; old age, relaxation of skin; cicatrix following trauma; infection; palsy of facial nerve
- entropion
- inversion of an edge or margin of an eyelid; scar tissue on the inner surface of the lid; spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscles
- pinguecula
- yellow thickening or bulbar conjunctiva, triangular in shape, on inner and outer margins of the cornea; aging
- sty(hordeolum)
- a localized circumscribed inflammatory swelling of one or several sebaceous glands of the eyelid; bacterial infection
- chalazion
- small, hard tumor analogous to sebaceous cyst developing on the eyelids
- episcleritis
- inflammation of the subconjunctival layers of the sclera
- dacryotcystitis
- inflammation of the tear sac involving mucous membrane of the lacrimal sac with submucous membrane, which later extends to connective tissue, surrounding it with resulting cellulites; usually secondary to prolonged obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct
- xanthelasma
- flat or slightly raised yellowish tumor occurring in elderly persons, found most frequently on the upper an lower lids; may occur with lipid disorders or independently
- pterygium
- triangular thickening of bubar conjunctiva extending from inner canthus to border of the cornea with apex toward pupil
- exostoses
- bony growth that arises from the surface of a bone, often involvoing the ossification of muscular attachments; in the ear canal, nonmalignant growths obscuring view of the tm
- aphthous ulcer (canker sore)
- solitary or multiple ulcers of the oral cavity that tend to recur; certain foods, fever or mental stress
- gingivitis
- inflammation of the gums characterized by redness, swelling and tendency to bleed; improper dental hygiene, poorly fitting dentures; mouth and upper resp inf.; scurvy, blood dyscrasias or metallic poisoning
- torus palatinus
- rounded elevation or swelling; a begign exostosis located in the midline of the hard palate
- cheilitis
- inflammation of the lip; nutritional deficiency, excessive exposure to sunlight
- Vincent stomatitis
- ulcerative inflammation of the mouth (tongue)
- Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
- polyps of the small intestine and melanin pigmentation of the lips, mucosa, fingers and toes; anemia due to bleeding from the intestinal polyps is a common finding; inherited disorder
- Fordyce spots
- enlarged ectopic sebaceous glands in the mucosa of the mouth and genitals; appear as small yellow spots, called Fordyce's spots; asymptomatic and present in the majority of people
- Hutchinson's teeth
- congenitall; pegged, lateral incisors and notched central incisors along the cutting edge; sign of congenital syphilis
- hairy tongue
- tongue covered with hairlike papillae entangled with treads produced by the fungus Aspergillus niger or Candida albicans; usually seen as the result of antibiotic therapy that inhibits growth of bacterial normally present in the mouth
- geographic tongue
- numerous denuded patches on dorsal surface coalescing into free-form shapes similar to geographic presentation maps; cause unknown
- strawberry tongue
- peculiar red, papillated tongue characteristic of scarlatina (scarlet fever)
- leukoplakia
- formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue or cheek; lesions may become malignant
- tori mandibulares
- rounded bony protuberances that grow from the inner surfaces of the mandible, bilateral and asymptomatic
- Grave's disease
- exophthalmic goiter; hyperthyroidism
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- inflammation of thyroid; transient hyperthyroidism; seen in some pts receiving interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, and interleukin-2
- myxedema
- condition resulting from hypofunction of the thyroid gland; mucous swelling